karaaunde han| is chinh prabandh daa paripekh vishes dristteekon ton ate vichaaradhaaraa ton kaav arathaan daa sanchaar hee naheen karadaa sagon ik vichaar, drishattee dee sathaapanaa vee karadaa hai| auh vichaar drishattee pragateevaadee kaavadhaaraa de prasang hetth samajhee jaa sakadee hai| is tarhaan chinh vigiaanak sameekhiaa daa kaavasaasataree paripekh rachanaa de asal arath noo vichaaradhaarak asale raaheen ujaagar karan vich hai|

chinh vigiaanak sameekhiaa vidhee saahit noo ik chinh prabandh manadee hai| jisadaa kendaree bindoo chinh han jo roorreegat hunde han| vidavaan samache saansakritik sansaar noo chinh prabandh tasavar karade han ise karake uh saansakritik tauar te bhaashaa noo ik chinhaprabandh man ke adhiain karan ute zor dinde han| samaajak jeevan vich jo vasatoo vises arathaan dee lakhaaeik hundee hai, auh ik chinh prabandh anusaar niramat hoee hundee hai| ih chinh maanav sirajat han jinhaan daa samaajak jeevan de prasang vich hee adhiain keetaa jaa sakadaa hai, einhaan chinhaan dee sanchaar ton binaan samaajak saarathakataa vee hundee hai|

chinh samaajak varataaraa han| inhaan daa hor samaajak varataariaan naal antara sanbandh hundaa hai, eise kaaran chinhaa de samaajak charatar ate viakateegat charatar noo samajhiaa jaa sakadaa hai|

vidavaanaan dee dhaaranaa hai ki bhaasaa ik chinh prabandh hai | bhaashaa manakhee giaan noo likhat dee padhar te sugatthit karadee hai | chinh ate bhaasaa manakh dee samaajak chetanataa dee praapatee hai | saahit ise saamajak chetanataa daa ik prateenidh roop hon karake vishes tarhaan daa chinh prabandh hundaa hai| inhaan noo antareevee arathaan ch grahin keetaa jaa sakadaa hai | saahit de ise bhaav arath naal sanbandhit ik aalochak daa kathan hai, chinh sanchaaraprakiriaa ate chineekaran de niyamaan adheen changirade vich pasare chinhaan naal mil ke paatth tthenatta dee sirajanaa vich aapanaa rol adaa karadaa hai, eise karake saahit roop vich pesh hoeaa chinrit saar tata samachee sanchaar prakiriaa ate maaddaling sanrachanaa daa hisaa hundaa hai|²⁰

saahit manakhee jeevan noo vishes chinh raaheen sanchaaraprakiriaa vich dtaaladaa hai| bhaasaa chinhaan daa samooh hai is lee saahit jisadaa maadhiam bhaasaa hai, vee ik chinh prabandh hai| chinh vigiaanak sameekhiaa saahitapaatth noo ik chinh prabandh manadee hai| ithe pachhamee chintak de ih vichaar ulekhayog han, je sadhaaran arathaan vich kalaa bhaashaa hai. taan vises kalaa kritee saahitak kirat jaan kise ik rachanaakaar deean samacheea kirataan paatth han|²¹

har saahitak kirat dee aapanee vishes pahichaan hundee hai| is pahichaan vich hee usadeean seemaavaan ate vises lachhan hunde han | misaal de tauar te kavitaa dee aapanee prakiratee, seemaavaan ate vishes lachhan han, naavalaroopaakaar de aapane | is

tarhaan hor saahit roopaa baare vee ih kihaa jaa sakadaa hai parantoo inhaa sabh noo ik arathapooran ikaaee vajon samajhiaa jaa sakadaa hai| is arath pooran ikaaee noo sanchaara sidhaant raaheen samajhiaa jaa sakadaa hai| chinh vigiaanee har us noo bhaashaa manade han jiharre kise arathaan daa sanchaar karade han|

saahit aalochanaa vich do mukh satar han jo ik paatth de mukh bhaag han| inhaan noo satahee sanrachanaa shurddache shattaruchattureate ddunghe sanrachanaa dheep shattarucha tture kihaa jaandaa hai | satahee sanrachanaa vich aseen rachanaa de saral arathaan noo mukhaatab hunde haan| kise vee paatth vich varate ge chinhaan de koshagat arath rachanaa de sapastt arathaan noo sanchaarade han| ddoongh sanrachanaa vich aseen rachanaa de vich varate chinhaan de asal arathaan noo mukhataab hunde haan| is vich aseen paatth dee sookham vasatoo noo ujaagar karade haan| ddoongh sanrachanaa daa giaan rachanaa de jattil kaaraj noo ddeekedding karan naal hundaa hai| saahit aalochak paatth vich lupat arathaan noo ujaagar karadaa hai| ithon hee paatth de arathapravachan daa aaranbh hundaa hai|

saahitak paatth dee sirajanaa bhaashaa raaheen hundee hai| jadon is noo pravachan dee padhar te grahin keetaa jaandaa hai taan ih aapane vihaar dee bhaasaa ton agaanh de arathaan raaheen grahin keetaa jaandaa hai | ih vihaarak bhaasaa ton nikherr naheen hundaa kiaunk arathaan noo pooran mehatav is ton binaan vee naheen ditaa jaandaa | ih rachanaa noo usade andarale vath vichaara dhaarak asale rachanaa dee prakiratee vises jamaatee chetanaa vajon samachataa ch ughaarran de yog naheen hundaa| is lee pravachan dee saarathakataa noo paranparaa de pasang vich drishatteereechar keetaa jaa sakadaa hai|

chinh vigiaanak panjaabee aalochanaa

panjaabee aalochanaa vich chinh vigiaanak aalochanaa daa mudtalaa muhaandaraa sanrachanaa vaadee chintan de naal hee aaranbh ho jaandaa hai | panjaabee vich is dee jaanapachhaan harajeet singh gil duaaraa hee aaranbh hoee hai| us de angarezee vich keete panjaabee kam noo dekhiaa jaa sakadaa hai | par mool roop vich panjaabee aalochanaa khetar vich ih kadam 1970 ton baad hee putte ge han| is vich haribhajan singh, taralok singh kanvar, ravindar singh ravee, sutindar singh noor ate jagabeer singh de naan le jaa sakade han| inhaan ne vikolitare thaavaan te chinhavigiaan de maaddalaan baare mudtalee jihee jaanakaaree ditee | parantoo ravindar singh ravee ate taralok singh kanvar daa kujh kam mehatavapooran hai| harajeet singh gil ate ravindar singh ravee noo chhadd ke baakee saare vidavaanaa daa bal saahit noo paaragaamee kaaraj ate siraf bhaashaagat jugataan tak prasatut karan daa rihaa hai| udaaharan vajon

chinh vigiaan ajoke samen vikasit hoeaa ik navaan giaanaanushaasan

hai jisadaa mool sarokaar manakhee jeevan ate jagat vich prachalat har kisam de chinha vihaar daa vigiaanak vidhee anusaar adhiainavishalesn karanaa ate jaa bhin bhin chinh sanrachanaavaan de antareev sangatthan vich kaarajaseel nem prabandhaan noo ujaagar karanaa hai |²²

panjaabee vich chinh vigiaan baare vidheegat ate vigiaanak dtang naal viaakhiaa kujh peeaich.ddee de sodhaprabandhaan raaheen saahamane aaee hai| jinhaan vich makhan singh daa mohan singh dee kavitaa daa chinh vigiaan adhiain ²³ bhupindar singh daa panjaabee deean mithik kathaavaan daa chinh vigiaanak adhiain, ²³ manindar paal singh daa puraatan janam saakhee daa chinh vigiaanak adhiain, ²⁴ hai| inhaan te binaan kujh sedh prabandh prakaasat roop ch saahamane vee aae han jiven jasavindar kauar daa heer vaaris shaah daa chinhavigiaanak adhiain,²⁵ surindar kauar daa aadhunik panjaabee kavitaa deean sanchaar vidheean ate om prakaash vasistt daa chinhavigiaan ate guroo naanak baanee| inhaa sodhaprabandhaan vich khoj deean samasiaavaan ate seemaavaan de baavajood vee is sameekhiaa vidhee noo vigiaanak dtang naal apanaa ke us dee saarathakataa baare vee vichaar prasatut keete han| makhan singh de shabadaan vich, chinh vigiaanak vidhee nira pekh ate moolon hee ikalee kaaree vidhee daa charachaa naheen banee koee vee vidhee is tarhaan ikale kaare roop vich laagoo naheen ho sakadee | saaddee koshis chinh vigiaan noo maarakasavaadee vichaaradhaaraa naal sanbandhit karake ik prakaar daa davandavaadee chinh vigiaan usaaran dee rahee hai | ²⁶

auparokat kathan ton do dhaaranaavaan sathaapat hundeean han ki chinh vigiaanak vidhee moolaroop vich nirapekh ate ikalee kaaree vidhee naheen hai, doosaraa is noo suchet tauar te kise vee vichaaradhaaraa naal sanbandhit karake suhaj shaasatar usaariaa jaa sakadaa hai| saahit ik sirajanaatamak amal hai, koee makaanakee prabandh naheen | saahit hamesaan parivaratanasheel mulaprabandhaan naal jurriaa hon karake manakhee samaaj vich aapanee saarathakataa rakhadaa hai, kise prabandh de maakanakee jagat vich naheen | ajihe paase dhiaan divaaundiaan ik chintak daa kathan hai ki chinhakaaree de amal vich tataan de aapasee sanbandhachinh sabh mehatavapooran han| chinhaan dee ajihee shubasttanache hond niraarathak hai kiaunk unhaa dee jeevan shakatee mul rralue hai| mul ik manakhee sansathaa hai| ise karake hee manakhee sansaar chinhakaaree de jagat vajon drishatteegochar hundaa hai |²⁷

auparokat sankhipat vichaar charachaa ton baad praapat panjaabee chinh vigiaanak sameekhiaa daa vihaarak muhaandaraa usaariaa jaa sakadaa hai| panjaabee sameekhiaa vich do tarhaan deean vichaaradhaaraavaan daa roop niraadhaaran dekhiaa jaa sakadaa hai| ik vichaaradhaaraa uh hai jo saahit noo chinh prabandh man ke usade vichaaradhaarak asale noo unaan de antareevee lattenatta arathaan noo vishes jamaatee hitaan anusaar prasatut karadee hai| uh lekhak noo

ausade anubhav noo ate drishatteekon noo vee mehatataa pradaan karadee hai kiaunk uh rachanaa noo siraf bhaask tath keh ko chhuttiaaun dee bajaae rachanaa pichhe kaarajaseel lekhak dee sanrachanaakaaree chetanaa noo vee vises mehatav dindee hai | is tarhaan ih sameekhiaa rachanaa dee prasangayukat viaakhiaa de naal rachanaa dee saarathakataa upar vises bal dindee hai, eik saahitak kirat dee saarathakataa kise manakhee prabandh vich hee hai sakadee hai, keval chinhaprabandh de makaanakee jagat vich naheen|28

doosaree praviratee rachanaa noo rachanaakaar naalon viravee karake ik suhajapaatth daa sankalap pesh karadee hai| uh kise vee rachanaa de sangatthan tataan upar dhiaan kendarit karake baakee saare veraviaa noo rachanaa baahare keh ke taj dindee hai te har paatth noo antar paatthaan eenatterattenualitte raaheen samajhan daa yatan karadee hai rachanaavaan de viaakaran noo usaaran daa uparaalaa karadee hai| ih aapane vichaaradhaarak paripekh kaaran asalon hee burazavaa suhaj shaasatar dee sathaapanaa karadee hai

asal vich koee vee likhat paatth jis noo ki parrhiaa jaanaa hai, lekhak ton vichharree hoee rachanaa hai ate is noo samajhan jaan isade arath upajaaun dee zinmevaaree paatthak upar hai| lekhak abhiviakatee daa sirajanahaar hai, paatthak us noo vaith chhonattenatt vich badal laindaa hai | lekhak jaan baaneekaar dee rachanaa ik saabadik kirat hai, paatthak lee uh ik suhaj paatth ho nibarradee hai | par paatth vich achet doojeean rachanaavaan de verave te pooravale paatth vee antarapaatthaan dee tarhaan pe hunde han | is lee bhaaven baanee jaan kaav, koee vee paatth antarapaatthaan ton bagair naheen parrhiaa jaa sakadaa| antarapaatth giaan raaheen rachanaa bahukoddee auaverachodeda ho jaandee hai |²⁹

eis tarhaan chinhavigiaanak sameekhiaa vich de vichaaradhaaraavaan de drishatteekon ton saahit sameekhiaa dristteegochar hundee hai| maarakasee vichaaradhaaraa ton hoee aalochanaa vises tauar te saahitakaar de mehatavapooran rol noo ubhaaradee hai ate lekhak dee rachanaa de arathaan noo samaajak prasang vich hee saarathak samajhadee hai| mohan singh dee kavitaa de adhiain uparant maarakasee aalochak dee dhaaranaa ulekhayog hai

mohan singh kaav dee sanchaar vidhee daa pataa us duaaraa prasatut keete naven varageekaran ton lagadaa hai | harek kaav sisattam varageekaratt daa ik prabandh hundaa hai| us duaaraa keetaa varageekaran vichaaradhaarak ate bhaavaatamak koddaan de anusaar hai| uh sarav pratham manakhaan noo aarathik adhaaraan te lokaanjokaan, takarriaamaarriaa. saisakaan mihanatakasaan de virodh vich vandd laindaa hai | is buniaadee virodh de antaragat uh pahile panraparaagat varageekaran noo katt dindaa hai| dharam, jaat, rang, nasal, darajaa aad de antaragat varageekaran noo jamaatee prabandh de mool ton utapan dasadaa hai |³⁰

eise tarhaan chinh vigiaanak vidhee apanaaundiaan hoeaa hee panjaabee deean mithik kathaavaan daa paripekh bhupindar singh usaaradaa hai | usadaa adhiain varate ge

chinhaan noo vishes ate gahin arathaa vich grahin karadaa hai| misaal de vajon kaa ate chirree dee kahaanee noo usadee samachee sanrachanaa anusaar prasatut karadaa hoeaa kaa noo saishak varag de chinh vajon ate chirree noo mihanatakas varag vajon lai ke samaaj dee aarathik vitakaraa bharapoor sathitee noo ujaagar karadaa hai| is tarhaan usadaa mithik kathaavaan daa adhiain saahit saarathakataa ate samaajee saarathakataa dee dhaaranaa prasatut karadaa hai| mithik kathaavaan aadhaarit uh panjaabee sabhiaachaar daa visatrit vislesn karadiaan naven vichaar prasatut karadaa hai| mithik kathaavaan de chinhaan de aantarik punar niramaan dee vidhee raaheen is sitte te pahunchade haan ki panjaabee sabhiaachaar dee mool chool poorav vaidik hai| is ne vaidik paranparaa noo mool chool vajon pravaan naheen keetaa| panjaabee deean mithik kathaavaan vichon usaradee panjaabee sabhiaachaar dee mudtalee jugat aareean sabhiaachaar ton bilakul bhin hai | mithik kathaavaan vich aaunde istt ate uhanaan dee poojan vidhee aareean sabhiaachaar naal mel naheen khaade|³¹

eise tarhaan hee janam saakhee saahit daa adhiain karadaa hoeaa manindarapaal singh vee samaajik prasang usaaradaa hai ate nirol bhaashaaee jugataan jaan maaddalaan tak aapanaa adhiain seemat naa karake janam saakhee dauaraan de samache yug noo kalevar ch laindaa hai| saakhee saahit dee vises pachhaan niradhaarat karadiaan likhadaa hai, saakhee saahit nirol itihaas naheen, naa hee nirol dhaaramik prakiriaa daa ang hai, sareen ih taan sabhiaachaarak gateemaan hai, jiharraa ki aapaneean roopaakaarak vishestaavaan sadakaa itihaasak yathaarath noo mithak, taatavik roop vich dtaal ke us naal dauar dee ameer paranparaa noo saanbhee baitthaa hai |³²

eis tarhaan hee de hor khoj pusatakaan chinh vigiaan ate guroo naanak baanee, heer vaaris daa chinh vigiaanak adhiain vishes ulekh deean dhaaranee han| chinh vigiaan ate guroo naanak baanee vich om prakaas vasistt chinh vigiaan de bhaasaaee maaddalaa noo duvale sanbandhaan raaheen samajh ke antar dristtee paidaa karadaa hai| uh is antar dristtee noo saahit de adhiain samen siraf bhaask chinhaan tak seemit naa rakh ke rachanaa de chinh prabandh noo manakhee kadaraan keemataan de prabandh naal jorr ke vekhadaa hai| guroo naanak baanee de dhaaramik muhaavare ate kaav vasatoo noo us dee sradhaamoolak sathitee ton baahar vigiaanak roop vich ghokhadaa hai| us dee baanee noo braham kendarit man ke vee usade maanavee sarokaaraan noo agar bhoomit karadaa hai aapane itihaasak prasang vich naanak baanee chetanaa de dhaaramikaadhiaatamak roop duaaraa biaan keetee madhakaalee fiaooddal vivasathaa de antaragat karamaseel samaajak, manakh, samaaj, samaajak vivasathaa sattett ate us naal de manakh ate samaaj lee sathaapit aadarash dee vaasatavik kahaanee hai| kendaree chinh ate antim chetan sataa bhaaven braham noo hee maniaa giaa hai, parantoo samaaj vich chetan, gateesheel ate karamaseel ikaaee samaajak manakh arathaat jeev hai jiharraa

braham de kendaree chinh duaaraa sathaapit jeevanakeemataan noo manakhee samaaj vich raaeij karanaa hai|³³

doosaree pusatak vich lekhikaa chinh vigiaan noo aadhaar banaa ke usadee sanrachanaa de nemaa noo pachhaanadee hoee vaaris daa kaavashaasataree paripekh usaaradee hai | is adhiain dauaraan uh madhakaal dee fiaooddal avasathaa noo farran dee kosis karadee hai| parantoo aapanaa adhiain bhaasaaee maaddalaan de adheen kar laindee hai| uh paatth de sangatthanakaaree tataan te dhiaan kendarit kar laindee hai jis naal rachanaa de antareevee arath ate kise andar piaa fiaooddal kalaa daa antaravirodh ubhar ke saahamane naheen aaundaa | adhiain antim roop ch siraf bhaashaagat jugataan tak seemit ho jaandaa hai| vaaris saah madhakaalee panjaabee de samach te jattil chihanakee prapanch noo aapane kaav mee, galapamee te chinhamee prayojanaa dee pooratee lee varat sakan vaalaa kavee hoeaa hai| dooje arathaan vich uh arathaan noo roopaantaran dee prakiriaa vich paa sakan vaalaa kalaakaar hai| arathaan noo roopaantaran den vaalee prakiriaa daa bhaav chihanat noo murr chihanat vich paan ton hai ate heer vaaris shaah is prayojan dee pahile hee pooratee karadee hai | ³⁴

aadhunik panjaabee kavitaa deean sanchaar vidheean pusatak vich surindar kauar panjaabee de tin pratinidh kavee bhaaee veer singh, pro pooran singh ate pro mohan singh dee kavitaa deean sanchaar vidheea noo drishatteegochar karadee hai| is vich chinh vigiaanak vidhee de sanchaarasidhaant noo sathaapit karake kaveean de kanddaan noo ddeekodd karadee hai | us anusaar bhaaee veer singh dee kavitaa daa kodd dharam hai ate uh saral vidheean raaheen sanchaar karadaa hai| usadaa sandes gurooaan de udesaan daa prachaar karanaa hai | pre pooran singh dee kavitaa daa mukh kandd sabhiaachaarak hai | usadee sanchaar vidhee vee jattil hai te us dee kavitaa sinttaim ton pairaaddaaeem val vadhadee hai | pro. mohan singh dee kavitaa vee kise jattil sanchaaravidhee noo naheen sirajadee is karake uh sittaim te pairaaddaaeem dee disaa naal visataar naheen laindee lekhakaan daa zor sidhaant ton vichaar val vadhadaa hai parantoo bahut thaavaan te uh sidhaantak pusttee lee rachanaavaan de saral arath noo dristteegochar karadee hai | paatth de gunabodhak chinhaprabandh noo ujaagar karan dee bajaae rachanaavaan de sanbodhanee kaaraj dee sanrachanaa tak mahidood reh jaandee hai | uh rachanaa chinh prabandh dee kaav saarathakataa noo ujaagar karan dee bajaae usadee aadarasvaadee muhaavare ate sanrachanaatamak jugataan, kaarajasheel nemaan dee pachhaan noo sathaapat karadee hai|

auparokat charachaa praapat sandhaprabandhaa chon praapat adhiain naal sanbandhit hai| is aalochanaa praviratee daa nivekalaa muhaandaraa khoj ton baaharee bahutaa praapat naheen| vikolitare nibandh chinhavigiaanak aalochanaa noo ik naven giaan anusaasan vajon jaan pachhaan de dhaaranee han| vihaarak roop ch taan is aalochanaa drishattee ton naa maatar

hee aalochanaa panjaabee vich miladee hai| taralok singh kanvar daa nibandh panjaabee naattak deea chihanakee roorreean upalabadh haijis vich uh aatamajeet de naattak rishatiaan daa kee rakhee naan ton pahilaan de panjaabee naattak noo naattakee sanbhaavanaa ton mukat hee samajhadaa hai | is dristtee ton keetaa adhiain nirol chihanakajugataan dee pachhaan karaaundaa hai ate har tarhaan de samaajak yathaarath ate samaajavaadee chetanaa vaale naattak noo arasatoovaadee pairaaddaaeem³⁶ kahindaa hai| is nibandh vich kise vee tarhaan uh saahit dee maanavee saarathakataa naalon chihanakee muhaandaraa bhaashaaee panch tak seemat rakhadaa hai|

maarakasee vichaaradhaaraa de paripekh ton is aalochanaa vidhee dee antar drishattee noo varatan vaalaa ik hor saahit aalochak ravindar singh ravee hai| us de nibandh panjaabee bhaasaa dee ajokee dasaa te disaa panjaabee sabhiaachaar daa suhaj saasatar saahitak kirat dee hond vidhee, panjaabee aalochanaa ate rolaa baarat, saahit ate sansakritee aad vich vishes tauar te chinh vigiaanak antar dristtee noo dekhiaa jaa sakadaa hai | parantoo uh chinh prabandh dee maanavee kadaraan keemataan de prabandh adheen hee saarathakataa manadaa hai nirol makaanakee jugataan noo naheen | uh chinhaa de chinhataan raaheen itihaasak anubhav saar noo samajhan ute vises bal dindaa hai | uh lekhak dee sanrachanaakaaree chetanaa daa vises mehatav vee ujaagar karadaa hai ate saahit noo hor samaajak chetanataa de roopaan naal antar sanbandhit karake davandaatamak dristteekon ton samajhan daa yatan karadaa hai|

eis tarhaan chinh vigiaanak aalochanaa sanrachanaavaadee chintan vaang sapashatt roop vich ik vichaaradhaaraaee aadhaar vaalee naa ho ke dooharee hai|

chinh vigiaanak panjaabee aalochanaa vee vishav chintan de naveen bhaasaa vigiaanak sankalapaan naal sanbandhit praviratee hai | eis aalochanaa praviratee ne saahit noo ik bhaashaa vaang parrhan daa yatan keetaa hai| chinh vigiaanak vidhee vee sanrachanaavaadee vidhee vaang unhaan hee sankalapaan noo lai ke chaladee hai par ih sanrachanaa de pichhe kaarajaseel nemaa de naal naal saahitakaar dee sanrachanaakaaree chetanaa, drishatteekon vichaaradhaaraa ate samaajak prasang noo naal lai ke chaladee hai| ik maarakasee aalochak dhunee sanparadaae naal jorramel ke is neetaje te pahunchadiaan likhadaa hai, dhuneevaadee aalochanaa dee ajokeeaucheree padhar chinh vigiaanak aalochanaa rachanaa dee dhunee noo usadee sanrachanaa, saahitakaar, paatthak te samaaj chahunaan naal sanbandhit karake usadee pachhaan te parrachol karadee hai| ³⁷

chinh vigiaanak panjaabee aalochanaa vich vichaaradhaarak aadhaar kise ik vishes suhaj saasatar de dhaaranee naheen han jis tarhaan sanrachanaavaadee chintan burajavaa suhaj saasatar daa lakhaaeik hai parantoo is vich suchet roop vich maarakasee vichaaradhaaraa daa paripekh vee vidamaan hai jo rachanaavaan de itihaasak anubhav saar dee ddoongh sanrachanaa vich pe saar tat noo vises varag dee vichaaradhaaraa ate maanavee sarokaaraan naal jorradaa

hai| doosaraa paripekh aadarashavaadee vichaaradhaarak vee hai jo chihanakaaree noo nirol bhaasaaee jaan sanchaar jugataan raaheen sidhaantak sbadaavalee daa vikhaavaa karadiaan sanrachanaa dee bhaasaaee jaan sanchaarit viaakhiaa tak seemit rakhadaa hai|

chinh vigiaan aadhunik bhaashaa vigiaan de maaddalaan te aadhaarit sameekhiaa vidhee hai| is vidhee noo nirol nirapekh roop ch bhaashaaee maaddalaan tak naheen ghattaaeaa jaa sakadaa| chinh vigiaan chinhaa daa adhiain karadiaan maanavee saarathakataa dee gal karadaa hai parantoo saaddee aadarasvaadee vichaaradhaaraa dee praviratee siraf bhaasaaee saarathakataa daa masalaa hee mukh samajhadee hai, chinh shaasataree ton aseen samache maanavee sabhiaachaar noo bhaasaaee saarathakataa de visataar de roop vich hee saveekaarade haan | saadde anusaar har vakharee sabhiaachaarak praapatee vich bhaasaa vakharee kisam dee samagaree naal jurr jaandee hai ate vises prayojan noo nepare chaarrhan lee kaarajaseel hundee hai |³⁸ eise kaaran saaddee burajavaa suhaj shaasataree vidhee vichaaradhaarak tauar te suhaj sirajanaa ton agaanh kise vee tarhaan de maanavee sarokaar noo naheen pahunchadee| kalaa daa buniaadee prayojan suhaj sirajanaa hundaa hai| ate suhaj sirajanaan dee prakiriaa vich pee bhaasaa upayogitaa noo paar kar jaandee hai| 39

eih praviratee saahitalok saahit de ikaalik adhiain te zor dindee hai. lokayaan daa chinh shaasataree adhiain ikaalak shenachaharonicha adhiain hai| ⁴⁰

aadarashavaadee vichaaradhaaraa saahit de kaavasaasataree paripekh noo rachanaatamak sangatthan de antaragat haarajaseel nemaan dee pachhaan naal sanbandhit karade han| ajihaa karadiaan adhiain mahij bhaasaagat makaanakee ate pooran tauar te takaneekee ho jaandaa hai| jis naal saahit daa sankalap, saahit dee saarathakataa khanddit ho jaandee hai | maanavee vichaar bhaashaagat ikaaeean ch simatt jaande han | ajihaa karadiaan aalochak saahit noo kalaatamak saragaramee vajon naheen laindaa sagon suchet tauar te vigiaanak shabadaavalee ch burajavaa suhaj shaasatar dee usaaree karadaa hai| kaav saasatar ton saaddaa udes rachanaa de antaragat kaarajaseel usade sanrachanaatamak nemaa noo pachhaanan ton hai| kaav saasatar kise vee pravachan sangatthan jaan sisattam de antaragat kam karade sathit nemaan dee bhaal karanaa hai|⁴¹

kaavashaasataree paripekh lee uh yathaarath ate anubhav rachanaa vasatoo noo anddareean cheejaa samajhade han| saahitak kirataan dee ttukarraa vandd aalochanaa te zor de ke adhiain dee buniaadee srat sathaapat karade han| uh har tarhaan saahit vich maanavee chitar dee nikhedhee karade han ate saahit dee nirapekh sutantarataa te jor dinde han| asal vich aseen saahit vasatoo noo samajhan pratee ruchit naheen| usanoo maanan pratee ruchit haan| saaddaa saahit saasatarabhaavanaa upar aadhaarit hai giaanamukh

saahit sidhaant aje asaan usaaranaa hai | yathaarath noo samajhan lee usanoo anubhav ton vakhariaan karanaa pavegaa| adhiain dee ih buniaadee sharat hai| ⁴² aadarashavaadee vichaaradhaaraa chinh vigiaan noo saahit yogataa ate nibhaau tak seemat karadee hai| paatthak de rachanaa uparant har tarhaan de manovigiaanak ate samaajak vichaar jo utapan hunde han, aunhaan ton inakaar karadee hai| jadon koee paatthak rachanaa noo samajh rihaa hundaa hai taan kee uh aapane man vich utapan hon vaale manovigiaanak jaan samaajak vichaaraan val dhiaan kendirat kar rihaa hundaa hai| chinh vigiaanak aalochanaa daa utar nishachai hee naheen vich hovegaa saahit duaaraa utapan hon vaale samaaj jaa manovigiaanak bhaav nispaadan feraddormanache naal sanbandhit keete jaa sakade han par chinh vigiaanak kaav shaasatar dee disaa yogataa chhomapettenache dee nirakh parakh val hundee hai |43

eis tarhaan chinh vigiaanak vidhee noo burajuaa suhaj shaasataree nirol saahit dee saahitakataa yogataa, nibhaau. giaan, aanand, suhaj, sanrachanaa aad tak seemit karake ikale bhaashaaee prabandh teek ghattaa dinde han| par kujh aalochak is de vivadh paasaaraan noo ujaagar karade han, chinh vigiaan bhin bhin chinh prabandhaa noo ikahire roop vich sathit karake ate ik band sanrachanaa man ke uhanaan daa adhiain naheen karadaa sagon chihanakaaree de maadhiam raaheen kadaraan keemataan ate arathaan dee utapaadikataa faroduchattivitte naal aapanaa sarokaar jorradaa hai | ih chinhavihaar noo samaajak aarathak banatar de antaravirodhaan ate vichaaradhaaraaee prabandhaa dee kaarajasheelataa daa ang man ke uhanaan de davandaatamak vikaas dee yaataraa noo uleekan daa yatan karadaa hai| ih chinh vigiaan nirapakh jaan niralep giaan anusaasan naheen rahindaa sagon varagaan vich vandde manakhee samaaj vich tur rahe vichaaradhaarak sangharas dee vaasatavikataa noo ujaagar karan vich sahaaee hundaa hai|⁴⁴

eis tarhaan chinh vigiaan ikalaa kaaraa chinh daa vigiaan naa reh ke samaaj dee jamaatee vandd andar chal rahe vichaaradhaarak sangharash daa ang banadaa hai| ih ang manakhee jeevan dee bihataree lee honaa chaaheedaa hai| maanavee samaaj vich nirapekh jaan vakharaa kujh naheen sagon antar sanbandhit hundaa hai| harek samaajee prabandh aapane aap ch koee hond naheen rakhadaa, te naa hee vakharaa hundaa hai | parantoo dooje samaajak ate prakiratak prabandhaan naal zarooree tauar te sanbandhit hundaa hai | is lee tinh vigiaan ik samaajak varataare daa giaanamukh sidhaant hai jisanoo nirapekh arathaan ch naheen liaa jaa sakadaa | burajavaa suhaj shaasataree is noo samaaj naalon niralep karake burajavaa vichaaradhaaraa daa paripekh usaarade han | pragateevaadee aalochak isanoo saahit paatth de antareevee arathaan noo ujaagar karade hoe samaaj dee antareevee chal rahee jadejahid lee maanava hitakaaree vichaaradhaaraa dee sathaapanaa lee varatade han | unhaan daa adhiain samaajee

saarathakataa noo drishatteegochar karake saahit de vichaaradhaarak ate lekhak dee pratibadhataa noo sapastt karadaa hai| ih saahit vich sosak ate mihanatakas varag dee vichaaradhaaraa, chetanataa noo nikherradaa hai| har saahitak paatth noo samaajee kadaraan keemataan naal sanbandhit karake usadee saarathakataa, niraarathakataa dee nirakh parakh karadaa hai | unhaan anusaar saahitak rachanaavaan samaajak paidaavaar hon karake hameshaan samaaj dee bihataree lee rol adaa karadeean han, saahit ate kalaa akasar chinhaan ate prateekaan de bane hunde han, jiharre kaliaanakaaree sansaar lee vidaroh ate jadojahid karade han, maanavavaad ate niaa dee sathaapanaa lee joojhade han| ⁴⁶

so is tarhaan chinhaan de mehatav noo samaaj de vichaaradhaarak sangharash de sandarabh vich dristteegochar karake usade maanavavaadee sarokaaraan dee nisaanadehee keetee jaa sakadee hai| unhaan de samaajak rol noo dekhiaa jaa sakadaa hai | is tarhaan daa kaaraj maarakasee vichaaradhaarak paripekh vaalee chinh vigiaanak aalochanaa karadee hai| jis karake saahit deean sanbhaavanaavaan, antareev arath, vichaaradhaarak asalaa, prateebadhataa, saahitakaar dee sanrachanaakaaree chetanaa, saahit daa samaajee prabandh naal antarasanbandh drishatteekon, maanavee vichaar aad ugharr ke saahamane aaunde han|

mulaankan

chinh vigiaan aalochanaa pranaalee naveen bhaashaaee sankalapaa naal sanbandhat pranaalee hai| is vidhee daa prachalan pooran tauar te kujh akaadamik adaariaa tak seemit rahin karake is noo visaalataa ate visataar pradaan naheen hoeaa| parantoo is vidhee dee vigiaanakataa de kaaran is deean agaaoon sanbhaavanaavaan vikaas deean baneean hoeean han|

jo chinh vigiaanak aalochanaa hun tak praapat hai us vichon kujh bhaashaagat arathaan tak seemit rahin karake aj tak saahit de takaneekee adhiain upar bal dindee hai| sidhaantak maaddalaan upar panjaabee saahit noo dtukaaundee hai| ajihe adhiain deean seemit sanbhaavanaavaan is adhiain vidhee dee vigiaanakataa noo nirol bhaasaagat jugataa tak sangerr devegee|

chinh vigiaanak pranaalee vich is saahitak kirat de sarabapakhee visaleshan deean sanbhaavanaavaan han| ih rachanaa noo khudamukhataar jaan niralep naheen manadee ate naa hee bhaasaaee maaddalaa noo ikale kaare roop ch varatadee hai sagon unhaan dee davandaatamakataa raaheen dohaan de parasapar sanbandhaan ate nikherre noo sathaapat karadee hai| ih inhaan de sansaar noo sabhiaachaarak bhaashaa ate vichaar de davandaatamak prakiriaa de nirantar vikaas vaje manadee hai |⁴⁷ chinh vigiaanak aalochanaa har tarhaan bhaashaaee maaddalaan de davandaatamak sanbandhaan umar bal dindee hai jiven bhaasaa ate uchaar de sanbandh vich niman likhat

kathan hai, bhaashaa sapeech ton rahit naheen hundee ate sapeech dee hond bhaashaa ton baahar ho hee naheen sakadee| sapeech daa aapanaa koee bhaashaa saasatar sanbhav naheen| asal vich ih doven mil ke ik bhaasaa prabandh dee sirajanaa karade han|⁴⁸

chinh vigiaanak aalochanaa vidhee sanchaar vidhee raaheen samachee sansakritee noo aapane kalevar vich laindee hai te ih har tarhaan de chinh prabandh noo aapane adhiain daa khetar banaaundee hai | jiven pahiraavaa bhejan pranaalee, manoranjan, faishan, filamaa aad | saaraa samaajak ate saansakritak jagat ik tarhaan chinh prabandh hai jinhaan noo bhaashaa te uchaar, sinttaigamaittik te pairaaddigamaik chinrit te chinik ate bandhak te gunabandhak de davandaatamak sanbandhaan raaheen samajhiaa jaa sakadaa hai | is tarhaan ih pranaalee ajoke dauar vich aseem sanbhaavanaavaan rakhadee hai| is ton keetaa giaa adhiain saarathak sittiaa daa dhaaranee hovegaa| galap de prasang vich ik aalochak daa kathan hai ki naaval te nikee kahaanee varage aadhunik galapee roopakaaraan daa vee is pahunchavidhee raaheen atiant saarathak adhiain ho sakadaa hai|⁴⁹

praapatee de pakh ton panjaabee aalochanaa vich saahamane aae sandh prabandhaan ton jiharre bhaashaagat jugataan ton binaan rachanaavaan de chinh prabandh daa maanavee jeevan vich saarathak rel dekhade hana ik gal sapastt hundee hai ki kise ik khetar daa samasat, vigiaanak baaharamukhee ate sarabapakhee adhiain keetaa jaa sakadaa hai | praapat adhiain ton kise kavee dee rachanaa daa samadaa kaavapaatth, kise saahit roopaakaar daa taarakik adhiain jaan sabhiaachaar de kise vishes pakh daa antareevee sangatthan pachhaanade hoe usadaa nikatt ate vigiaanak adhiain karake usadee saarathakataa ate samaajak rol noo pachhaaniaa jaa sakadaa hai| jis tarhaan kavitaa, janam saakhee, sabhiaachaar daa adhiain hoeaa hai| us tarhaan naaval, kahaanee vaaratak ate hor saahit roopaan daa sarabapakhee adhiain keetaa jaa sakadaa hai| is tarhaan chinh vigiaanak aalochanaa vidhee rahee saahit deean sanbhaavanaavaan noo ujaagar keetaa jaa sakadaa hai|

havaale ate ttipaneean

1.rolanad bharattahes, olemenatt odd shemiologe, p.9.

2. gurapaal singh sandhoo, chihan vigiaan de tat rolaabaarata panaa 30.

3. sh.chh. shinha od., dhichattionare odd fahilosapahe, p.175.

4. nikhail khahrapachahenako, arattisattich chheattivitte realitte anad nan.. p.182.

5. om prakaash vasistt, chinh vigiaan ate guroo naanak baanee panaa 12.

6. nikhail khahrapachahenako, arattisattich chheattivitte, realitte anad nan, p.182.

7. eebid, p.185.

8. chhourase in gheneral linaguisattichas, p. 16.

9. makhan singh, pro. mohan singh dee kavitaa daa chinh vigiaanak adhiain anprakaashit shodhaprabandh, panaa 24.

10.jhonutthan chhuler, shattaruchattural foettichas, p.93.

11.shahukman, litteratture anad shemiottichas, p.5.

12. alenanadra ghettmanove, logich, p.25.

13. eebid, p.24.

14. jasavindar singh, panjaabee sabhiaachaar pachhaan chinh, panaa 63.

15. chhourase in gheneral linaguisattichas, p. 12.

16.roman jhakobason, chhalosinag shttattemenatt linaguisattichas anad foettichas, shattele in lanaguage od. tthahomas shebeaka, p.353.

17. roman jhakobason, eebid, p.353.

18. eebid, p.357.

19. mohan singh, kanch sach, panaa 86.

20. makhan singh, mohan singh dee kavitaa daa chinh vigiaanak adhiain, panaa 100.

21. shahukman, litteratture anad shemisattichas, p. 120.

22. jagabeer singh, birataantak galap sidhaant te sameekhiaa, panaa 123.

23. peeaich.ddee. dee ddigaree lee prasatut sodhaprabandh panjaabee yooneevarasittee, pattiaalaa 1983.

24. uhee

25. peeaich.ddee. dee ddigaree lee prasatut sodhaprabandh, panjaabee yooneevarasittee pattiaalaa 199091

26. pro. mohan singh dee kavitaa daa chinh vigiaanak adhiain. panaa 180

27. jhaspal shinagah, farobalemattichas anad ferasapechattive, shemiosis anad shemiottich, onapalorattion in ttehe tthaheore odd shiganas od. jhaspal shinagaha, p.20

28. ravindar singh ravee, virasaa te varatamaan, panaa 182.

29. guracharan singh arashee, sanchaar sidhaantik drisatteebindoo, guroo naanak baanee sanchaar jukataa,san. darashan singha, panaa 6970.

30. makhan singh, pro. mohan singh dee kavitaa daa chinh vigiaanak adhiain, panaa 174.

31. bhupindar singh, panjaabee deean mithikakathaavaan daa chinh vigiaanak adhiain, panaa 354.

32. manindarapaal singh, puraatan janam saakhee daa chinhavigiaanak adhiain, panaa 185 86.

33. om prakaash vasisatt chinh vigiaan ate guroo naanak baanee, panaa 225.

34. jasavindar kauar heer vaaris saah daa chihanavigiaanak adhiain, panaa 132.

35. hor viaakhiaa lee surindar kauar aadhunik panjaabee kavitaa deea sanchaar vidheean panaa 14851

36. taralok singh kanvar, thaapanaa uthaapanaa, panaa 8384.

37. kesar singh kesar, varag sangharas te galap saahit, panaa 82.

38. balavindar singh, lokayaanaeik chihan prabandh, sindhaprabandh see. taralok singh kevara panaa 190

39. uhee, panaa 19091.

40.auhee, panaa 181.

41. raajindar singh, haribhajan singh daa kaav shaasatar, sodhaparisedh taralok singh kanvara panaa 274.

42. haribhajan singh, rachanaa sanrachanaa, panaa 59.

43. aatamajeet singh, saahitakee, panaa 21.

44. jagabeer singh, birataantak galap sidhaant te sameekhiaa, panaa 128.

45. rrichattor addanaseev, shesattem apaparoachah in shochial chhoginittion, shemiosis anad shemiottichas, od. jhaspal shinagaha, p. 124.

46.nikhail khahrapachahenako, tthehe natture odd ttehe aesattahettich shigan, eebid, p. 55.

47. h.sh.ghilal, eenattaroduchattion, shattaruchattural shemanattichas, a.gh. ghareimasa, u.rree.

48,ravindar singh ravee, virasaa ate varatamaan, panaa 173.

49. jagabeer singh, birataatak galap sidhaant te sameekhiaa, panaa 128.

panjaabee aalochanaa

vichaaradhaarak paripekh

ddaa. sarabajeet singh

eis ton pahilaan

• ddaa. atar singh aalochanaa chintan sanpaa., 1996
• panjaabee aalochanaa vichaaradhaarak paripekh, 1999
• mohan bhanddaaree shabad sanvedanaa sanpaa., 2000
• paranparaa te pravaah, 2002, 2009
• dalit drishatteesanpaa, 2004
• mith ate varatamaan sanpaa., 2005
• mohanajeet suhaj te sanvedanaa sanpaa., 2005
• paatth te paripekh, 2007
• gadar lahir itihaas, raajaneetee te saahit sanpaa., 2008
• sanvaad te sanvedanaa, 2009
• panjaabee bhaashaa varatamaan te bhavakh sanpaa., 2009
• bhaaratee sansakritee daa kendar, ttaigor rachanaavalee3 sanpaa., 2010
• ttaigor de chonaven nibandh, ttaigor rachanaavalee4 sanpaa., 2010
• vihaar te varataaraa, 2012

tarateeb

aaranbhikaa

saahit aalochanaa ate vichaaradhaaraa sidhaantak paripekh

panjaabee aalochanaa daa vichaaradhaarak vikaasapath

pragateevaadee panjaabee aalochanaa

sanrachanaavaadee panjaabee aalochanaa

chinh vigiaanak aalochanaa

aaranbhikaa

saahit, aalochanaa ate vichaaradhaaraa tin ajihe varataare han, jinhaan noo panjaabee chintan ton lai ke vishav chintan tak saragaram adhiain vajon vichaariaa jaa rihaa hai| inhaan tinaan sanbandhee daarasnik tauar te vakhare vakhare aadhaar praapat han| inhaan aadhaaraan noo visv chintan vich aadarasvaadee ate padaarathavaadee roop vich dristteegochar karan daa yatan hoeaa hai, jisadee viaakhiaa ne kee visataar praapat keete han| inhaan ch baaharamukhee vichaaravaad jaan antaramukhee padaarathavaad aad vee shaamil han parantoo antim roop vich baaharamukhee jaan antaramukhee dristteean dee dhaaranaa hee sathaapat hoee hai|

saahit maanav dee samaajak chetanataa daa ik pragattaa maadhiam hai, jiharraa kalaatamak ate suhajaatamak rucheean dee prateenidhataa karadaa hai| saahit dee vilakhanataa suhajaatamak ate kalaatamakataa de buniaadee tataan kaaran hai par ih nirol kalaatamak ate suhajaatamak abhiviakatee hee naheen, sagon sookham te jattil chintan saragaramee vee hai, jiharree jeevan dee sirajanaa ate punar sirajanaa vich ik faisalaakun rol adaa karadee hai| saahit manakhee jeevan daa saahitak chitar prasatut karadaa hai, eis vich vichaar, vichaaradhaaraa, drishatteekon, viakateegat bhaav aad bahut kujh sahije hee rachiaamichiaa hundaa hai| ih sabh kalaatamak rachanaa noo giaan ate vichaaradhaarak masalaa banaaunde han| saahitakaar rachanaa prabandh dee sirajanaa samaaj dee bhaaroo vichaaradhaaraa anusaar hee karadaa hai parantoo kee vaar ih bhaaroo vichaaradhaaraa dee visathaapatee daa kaaraj vee karadaa hai| ithon hee saahit dee prakritee ate saroop dee suchet tauar te abhiviakatee hundee hai, jis noo vishes tauar te samaaj de prabandh anusaar nirakhiaa parakhiaa jaandaa hai |

saahit sirajanaa ik suchet kaaraj hai par is vich bahut kujh achet roop vich shaamil hon dee sanbhaavanaa banee rahindee hai| is daa mukh kaaran sirajanaatamak tauar te

kalapanaaaadhaarit hai| sirajanaatamakataa dee chinh prakiriaa raaheen jo rachanaa prabandh banadaa hai, aus de bahuparatee ate bahuarathee had daa suaal hamesaan baniaa rahindaa hai| rachanaavaan daa adhiain sirajanaatamak naa ho ke vishalesnaatamak hundaa hai, jo kalapanaa mukh naa ho ke vivekamee te tarakamee hundaa hai | ise karake achet vichaaradhaarak tataan dee sanbhaavanaa ghatt hundee hai| doosaraa ih ki saahit aalochanaavaadee prakritee hee mool roop vich sajag paatthak dee hundee hai| sajag paatthak rachanaavee paatth te aalochanaa paatth usaaradaa hai, jisadee prakitee ate adhaar vishes kisam deean samaajak kadaraan keemataan ate vichaaradhaarak tat hunde han| ise karake aalochanaa siraf ang nikherr, vigiaan, suhajashaasatar jaan rachanaavaan dee viaakhiaa hee naheen hundee, sagon vichaaradhaarak aadhaar dee dhaaranee vee hundee hai, jiharree samaaj vich chal rahe jamaatee sangharash vich faisalaakun rol vee adaa karadee hai|

samaaj koee manakh daa ikatth maatar naheen, sagon ajihaa samooh hai, jiharraa maanavee mulaan dee vee sathaapanaa karadaa hai| samaaj vich sabh kujh saanvaan naheen hundaa, asaanvaan vee hundaa hai, aus samaaj vich, jis vich nijee malakeeat daa sankalap hove | ise kaaran samaaj agaanaoon jamaatee samaaj vich vanddiaa jaandaa hai| ajihe samaaj vich rachee gee har cheez dee prakitee jamaatee hundee hai ate jis daa aadhaar vichaaradhaarak hundaa hai| saahit ate aalochanaa vee ise tarhaan samaajak varataariaan vaang vichaaradhaarak aadhaar de dhaaranee hunde han| ajihe aadhaaraan noo samajhan ate adhiain karan val hathalee pusatak ik yatan hai| is adhiain deea aapaneean seemaavaan han| is vich suchet roop vich sidhaantak ate vichaaradhaarak drishatteean naal prateebadh aalochanaa vidheean daa adhiain prasatut hai|

eiaun ih pusatak panjaabee aalochanaa ate vichaaradhaaraa noo samajhan daa yatan hai| is vich saahit, aalochanaa ate panjaabee deean prateenidh, vihaarak aalochanaa pravirateean daa adhiainavisaleshan ate mulaankan hai| pragateevaad, sanrachanaavaad ate chinh vigiaan noo sidhaantak ate vihaarak roop ch samajhan daa yatan tuhaadde sanamakh hai| aadhunik sansaar vich hor yudhaa vaang vichaaraan daa yudh vee hai| ise yudh vich aj de samen vich itihaas daa ant ate vichaaradhaaraa daa ant jihe vichaar vee ubhaasar rahe han| iaun hee lekhak daa ant ate manakh daa ant vee drishatteegochar hoe han| iaun vichaaraan vich ant bodh khaas roop vich pravaahamaan hai| parantoo ant bodh de samaanaantar hunaven samen vich mahaanbirataant daa ant vishes roop ch charachit hai, jiharraa sidhe asadhe roop vich vichaaradhaarak paripekh daa dhaaranee hai| is noo agaanh tak visataar ke utaraaadhunik sathitee vajon samaanaantara vichaaradhaaraa raaheen prasatut keetaa jaa rihaa hai | jadon tak saramaaedaaree ate saamaraajee mahaanbirataantaan dee kise naa kise roop vich hond barakaraar hai, audon tak sarabahaare dee mukatee de mahaan birataant dee saarathakataa ton inakaar vishes vichaaradhaaraa daa maheen te sookham roop ch

pakh pooranaa hai| ajihe vichaaradhaarak sangharash vich saahitakataa de sansaar vich is pakhon vadhere suchet hon dee lorr ban gee hai|

main aapane guroodev marahoom ddaa. atar singh huraan daa mashakoor haan, jinhaan de bandhik saath vich saahit aalochanaa ate vichaaradhaaraa deean bareek ate antareevee tandaan jaaneean| chetanaa prakaashan daa vee aabhaaree haan, jinhaan muhabat naal pusatak chhaapee hai|

tuhaadde sanbaad ate pratikaram daa dilon satikaar karaangaa|

sarabajeet singh

31 dasanbar 1998

panjaabee vibhaag,

sarakaaree kaalaj larrakeean

saikattara11. chanddeegarrh

saahit, aalochanaa ate vichaaradhaaraa daa

sidhaantak paripekh

vichaaradhaaraa maanavee itihaas ate samaajak prakiriaa naal jurriaa hon karake samaajak chetanataa daa ik pragattaa maadhiam hai| is daa maanavee samaaj de aaranbh ton hee samaajee vikaas dee prakiriaa dee nirantarataa naal aapanaa saroop ate subhaa pravaratit hundaa rihaa hai| ih samaajak chetanataa ate baaharamukhee yathaarath dee antarakiriaa daa nateejaa hon karake is de aadhaar noo itihaasak samaajak prasang raaheen samajhanaa hee anivaaree hai| vichaaradhaaraa ate vichaaradhaarak aadhaaraan noo samajhan pratee maanavee chintan vich do pramakh rujhaan praapat hunde han jiharre ki buniaadee tauar te chetanaa ate padaarath dee praathamikataa naal sanbandhit han| chetanaa ate padaarath daa rishataa visv de samache darasn daa mukh ate buniaadee suaal rihaa hai| ise kaaran hee darasn vich de chintan dhaaraavaan ubhar ke saahamane aaeean, jo ise suaal ute mudton hee vakhareean ate bejorr han| bhauatikavaad ate bhaavavaad darashan saasatar de de pradhaan dal han, jinhaan daa bhed darashan saasatar de mukh suaal de pratee usade bhin rukh de kaaran hai| uh mukh suaal hai man ate bhoot, vichaar ate asatitav de parasapar sabandhaan daa suaal |¹

aadarashavaadee chintanadhaaraa chetanaa noo praathamikataa de ke prakiratee ate samaaj de ne maan dee samajh daa aadhaar prayaapat karadee hai, jadon ki padaarathavaad padaarath dee praathamikataa te bal de ke chetanaa noo davandaatamak nem raaheen jaanan daa aadhaar prasatut karadaa hai| inhaan dohaan dhaaraavaan vich vichaaradhaaraa daa saroop ate subhaa moole hee vakharaa hai|

eise lee palaitto ton heegal tak ate us ton baad dee samachee aadarashavaadee chintanadhaaraa de prasang vich vichaaradhaaraa de sankalap daa ik moolon vakharaa subhaa te arath hai| padaarathavaadee darasn de antaragat maarakas te engalaz duaaraa vikasit itihaasak padaarathavaad de antaragat vichaaradhaaraa pahilee vaar vigiaanak arathaan vaale moolon vakhare ik itihaasak pravarag de roop vich sathaapat hundee hai|² vichaaradhaaraa noo ik itihaasak sankalap jaan pravarag vajon samajhan lee is noo samaajak chetanataa de pragattaa maadhiam

vajon baaharamukhee ate vigiaanak adhiain raaheen samajhanaa zarooree hai| vichaaradhaaraa samaajik chetanataa de roop raajaneetee, naitik, kaanoonee, dhaaramak ate suhajaatamak vichaaraa daa prabandh hai|

samaajak chetanataa manakh de hond vich aaun ton hee usadee vikaas prakiriaa de ik vishes itihaasak vikaas daa sittaa hai| ih itihaasak vikaas dee paidaavaar hon karake sangatthit padaarath bhaav manakhee dimaag daa ik gun hai| ih padaarath ton vikasat hoee hai jis karake padaarath dee hond ton binaan is dee hond daa honaa asanbhav hai| manakh dee chetanaa uchee tarhaan jatheband padaarath, dimaag dee padaarathak yathaarath noo pratibinbat karan dee yogataa hai| chetanaa dee hond manakh ate samaajak jeevan naal attatt rishate vich bajhee hundee hai| ik chintak noo manakh ate samaaj naal anakharr tauar te sanbandhit manadaa hoeaa likhadaa hai, chetanaa pratibinban de uchatam ate siraf manakhee roop daa hee naa hai| ih manakh ate manakhee samaaj de hond vich aaun naal hee hond vich aaundee hai ate manakhee samaaj ton baahar ih aapanee hond grahin hee naheen kar sakadee|

maanavee samaaj manakh ate prakiratee de davand vichon upajiaa hai | parantoo ih aapanee gunaatamik tabadeelee kaaran prakiratee naalon vilakhan hai| maanavee itihaas de aagaaz te najr maariaan sapashatt ho jaandaa hai ki manakh noo aapanaa asatitav barakaraar rakhan lee prakiratee kol jaanaa piaa te manakhaan naal sabandh sathaapat karanaa piaa| fir maanavee kirat de vaadhe lee manakh ne paidaavaree aauajaar eejaad karane suroo kar dite jis naal maanavee samaaj daa prakiratee naalon vilakhan gun utapan honaa suroo ho giaa | ddaa. kesaabee ise vilakhanataa noo maanavee sansakritee daa nikherr tat samajhadaa likhadaa hai, manakh ne ikasaar te lagaataar vikaas naheen keetaa, par samache tor te usane pashoo dasaa ton sand banaaun varatan dee manakhee dasaa val vikaas hee keetaa hai|⁵

manakh dee lagaataar jadojahid ne paidaavaar ate samaajak jeevan vich parivaratan liaandaa| is naal samaajak chetanataa vich vikaas vee hoeaa| manakh dimaagee padhar te sajag ate chetan vee hundaa chalaa giaa| is drishattee vaalee chintanadhaaraa noo padaarathavaadee chintanadhaaraa kihaa jaandaa hai| ih padaarath noo pratham te chetanaa noo dujailee manadee hoee ih dhaaranaa prasatut karadee hai ki jeevan chetanaa noo mithadaa hai naa ki chetanaa jeevan noo| ih manakhaan dee chetanataa naheen, jo unhaan dee hond noo niradhaarit karo, par isade ain ulatt, aunhaan dee samaajak hond hai, jo samaajak chetanaa noo niradhaarit karadee hai| iho mool nem itihaas dee padaarathavaadee pahunch daa buniaadee pachhaan chinh hai |

doosaree praviratee jo chetanaa noo praathamik manadee hai ate use anusaar prakiratee ate sansaar dee viaakhiaa karadee hai| isade anusaar disadaa sansaar chetanataa valon sirajiaa hoeaa hai | samaaj noo ichhaa rakhan vaale lok banaaunde han jo amal karade han ate aapane saahamane manorath rakhade han| inhaan manorathaan dee pooratee lee ghaalanaa ghaalade

han | iaun is aadarashavaadee praviratee anusaar manakh dee akal, bauadhikataa, vichaar manorath jaan samache roop vich chetanaa hee hai jo maanavee samaaj noo mithade han|

dohaan pravirateean vichon padaarathavaadee pahunch vidhee samaaj, samaajak ate prakiratak varataariaan pratee sahee, vigiaanak ate baaharamukhee aadhaar pradaan karadee hai jadon ki vichaaravaadee praviratee samache varataariaa pratee jhootthaa, avigiaanak ate antaramukhee aadhaar pradaan karadee hai| is lee har varataare de tarakasangat vivechan pratee saarathak sitte baaharamukhee ate vigiaanak drishatteekon raaheen hee prayaapat ho sakade han| dohaan pahunch vidheean de buniaadee antar pratee vichaaracharachaa karadaa hoeaa ik darasnavetaa likhadaa hai, bhauatikavaadee vishav dristteekon, vishav noo us roop vich dekhadaa hai, jis tarhaan daa uh hai, aus vich baaharon kujh naheen jorradaa jadak bhaavavaad vichaaravaada vishav daa galat avalokan. ik jhootthaa visvadristteekon prasatut karadaa hai|

maanavee samaaj daa buniaadee aadhaar samaajak paidaavaar hai | is paidaavar de aadhaar te hee manakh samaajak sanbandhaan vich bajhade han ate samaaj daa saaraa daaromadaar is upar hee nirabhar karadaa hai| jis tarhaan dee paidaavaree pranaalee daa subhaa hovegaa bilakul us tarhaan hee samaajak che tanaa daa subhaa hovegaa| bhaav samaajak chetanataa daa khaasaa paidaavaree pranaalee de anukool hundaa hai| jekar paidaavaree pranaalee daa subhaa jamaatee hai taan samaajak chetanataa nishache hee jamaatee subhaa ate khaase vaalee hovegee | ise sandarabh vich aadhaar ate paraasanrachanaa noo kaaral maarakas saaragarabhit sbadaan raaheen prasatut karadaa hai, manakh aapane jeevan dee samaajik paidaavar vich ajihe nishachit sabandhaan vich bajhade han jo laazamee te unhaan dee ichhaa ton sutantar hunde han| paidaavar de ih sanbandh paidaavar deean padaarathak skateean de vikaas, eik nishachit parraa de anusaaree hunde han| ih paidaavaree sanbandhaa daa samach hee samaaj daa aarathak dtaanchaa jaan asal buniaad hai| jis ute kaanoonee ate raajaneetee daa usaar kharrhaa hundaa hai ate isade anukool hee samaajak chetanaa de nischit roop hunde han| padaarathak jeevan dee paidaavaree pranaalee hee jeevan dee aam samaajak raajaneetak ate bauadhik prakiriaa noo niradhaarit karadee hai|

vichaaradhaaraa samaajak chetanataa de pragattaa maadhiam vajon samaajik chetanataa de baakee roop darashan, dharam, raajaneetee, vigiaan, suhajaatamik vichaar, saahit ate kalaa daa vichaar prabandh hundee hoee inhaan sabh naal antarasabandhit vee hundee hai| is kaaran vichaaradhaaraa giaan meemaansaa de khetar daa pravarag ban jaandee hai | vichaaradhaaraa noo samajhan ate paribhaashat karan lee itihaasak pahunch vidhee raaheen vigiaanak ate saarathak nateejiaan te pahunchiaa jaa sakadaa hai| ise dristteekon ton aseen is itihaasak pravarag noo tarakasangat dtang naal prasatut kar sakade haan|

vichaaradhaaraa daa sankalap aam shabadaan vich vichaaradhaaraa noo vichaaraan dee pranaalee jaan vichaaraan daa vigiaan vee kihaa jaandaa hai | vichaaradhaaraa daa buniaadee tauar te

manakhee samaaj de amal ate vikaas naal sanbandh maanavee samaaj de aaranbh ton hee rihaa hai| maanavee samaaj de aaranbhak parraa samen vichaaradhaaraa manakhee saragaramee ate samoohak hitaa de anusaaree see kiaunk us samen dee paidaavaree pranaalee samoohak yatanaan te nirabhar see| samaaj dee ter naal is daa roop te subhaa nirantar hee tabadeel ate vikasat avasathaa vich rihaa hai jiharraa manakhee hitaan, prayojanaa de anusaar vibhaajat hundaa rihaa hai| aj de samen vich vichaaradhaaraa daa mehatav ganbheer roop vich pachhaaniaa jaan lagaa hai| ajoke samen is dee mehatataa noo ik aalochakaa niman likhat shabadaan raaheen pes karadee hai| uneeveen sadee de ant tak vichaaradhaaraa de varataare dee mehatataa bahut ubharake saahamane aa gee | samaajak jeevan de sansaar vich raajaneetak, daarashanik aarathak te samaajak sbadaavalee dee viaakhiaa, peshakaaree te mulaakan is pad te sankalap dee varaton binaan adhooraa jaapan lagaa|⁹

paribhaashak sbad vichaaradhaaraa dee sabh ton pahilaan varaton atthaaraveen sadee vich faraanseesee daarasanik ddaisattatt d ttaresee dhesattuttatt dhe tthrache ne keetee| is daarasanik sankalap dee varaton vichaaraan dee prakritee baare ik khaas kisam dee samajh ute aadhaarit see | faraanseesee vidavaan de mat anusaar ih jantar vigiaan goologe daa ik ahim hisaa hai ate vichaaradhaaraa de asal juj saaddeean bandhik, aunhaan de prapanch ate unhaan de saamaratakh visataaraa vich mauajood hunde han| ajihee dhaaranaa paraabhauatikataa de viradh ik daavaa see ki manakhaan de vichaaraan ton ilaavaa sansaar vich hor koee vichaar hadaseel naheen | is drishattee ton vekhiaa vichaaradhaaraa shabad dee ih haan mulak arath sanbhaavanaa ubhar ke saahamane aaee hai ki ih vichaaraan daa ik sunisachat vigiaan hai|

vichaaradhaaraa samaaj dee itihaasak prakiriaa naal jurriaa hon karake maanavee samaaj daa ik anakharr ang hai kiaunk manakh dee samaajan itihaasak had vidhee daa ik tarakasangat sittaa ate anakharr ang hai | ¹² maanavee samaaj de itihaasak amal vichon ih varataaraa nirantar badaladee ate vikasat ho rahee prakiriaa vich aapanee sutantar hond grahin karadaa hai| aapane sutantar roop vich ih samaajak chetanataa de baakee roopaan noo vee nisachit roop vich prabhaavat karadaa hai| is prasang vich karamajeet singh daa vichaar bhaavapoorat hai|

aapane khudamukhataar roop vich vichaaradhaaraa har yug itihaas dee gatee noo kise antam lakhash jaan aadaras val sodhadee hai| is tarhaan itihaasak anivaarataa dee sanbaadak gatee vichon roop dhaaradee hoee vichaaradhaaraa is gatee noo prabhaavat vee karadee hai| is lee har vichaaradhaaraa yug saapekh hundee hai | yug saapekh hon karake ih yug de aadarasvaad jaan itihaasak vivek naal jurree hundee hai| jis karake itihaasak gatee vich pravaahit hon ate aapane yug de sandarabh vich aatam sanpan sangatthan jaan sanrachanaa hon de baavajood vichaaradhaaraa yug de viraatt itihaasak paripekh vich

aapane yug de dharam, darashan giaan vigiaan ate kalaa noo vee nisachit roop vich prabhaavit karadee hai|¹³

vichaaradhaaraa vichaaraa daa sindhapadharaa, sapaatt, eikahir varataaraa naa ho ke ik bahut hee jattil, gunjhaladaar ate bahuparatee varataaraa hai| ih samaajak chetanataa daa ang hon de baavajood vee giaan khetar naal sabandhit pecheedaa masalaa hai| aapane antim roop vich vichaaradhaaraa asatitav meemaansaa ate giaanameemaansaa de khetar naal sanbandhit prakiriaa ¹⁴

vichaaradhaaraa de daarasanik sankalap noo samaajak chetanataa de samach vajon vee pesh keetaa jaadaa hai ate samaajak chetanataa de ik ajihe ang vaje vee je samaajak prayojan de kaaraj hit manakhee samooh varatade han| ik chintak daa mauat hai ki, vichaaradhaaraa samaajak chetanarraa daa uh ang hai jiharraa samaaj saahamane paidaa hunde kaaraj noo nepare chaarrhan naal sidhe tauar te jurriaa hai ate samaajak sanbandhaa noo badalan jaan sathaapat karan vich sahaaeitaa karadaa hai| ¹⁵ vichaaradhaaraa noo bhaavapoorat dtang naal vichaaradiaan ik hor roosee vidavaan ne inhaan shabadaan raaheen paribhaast keetaa hai|

vichaaradhaaraa aam tauar te raajaneetak daarashanik suhajaatamik ate hor vichaar jo ki kise vises jamaat de hit, nishaane te suhajasuaad noo pratibinbat karade han, daa saar tat nicharra samajhiaa jaandaa hai |^{16 ,}

ddikashanaree aaf filaasafee vich vichaaradhaaraa noo raajasee kaanoonee naitik, suhajaatamak, dhaaramak ate daarashanik raavaan ate vichaaraan daa prabandh¹⁷ kihaa giaa hai| samaajak chetanataa de pragattaa maadhiam vajon vichaaradhaaraa manakhee jeevan daa pratibinban hai jis raaheen samaajak yathaarath noo grahin keetaa jaandaa hai | vichaaradhaaraa de raaheen hee samaajak yathaarath noo tabadeel karan lee saarathak bhoomikaa adaa keetee jaa sakadee hai| maanavee samaaj vich yathaarath daa sahee jaan galat sachaa jaan jhootthaa doven tarhaan daa pratibinb hundaa hai| ise karake samaajee yathaarath de sahee jaan galat binb noo raajaneetak dhaaramak, sadaachaarak, kaanoonee, naitik daarashanak ate suhajaatamak roopaan vich pes keetaa jaandaa hai| sahee roop vich yathaarath daa pratibinb varataare de disade pakh naalon andarale saar naal sanbandhit hundaa hai| jadon ki galat jaan jhootthe roop vich ih yathaarath de disade te baaharee roop naal sanbandhit hundaa hai| is lee yathaarath dee jattilataa usade antareevee saar baatan vich nihat hundee hai kiaunk disadaa te baaharee roop yathaarath daa vikrit akas hundaa hai| kise vee varataare dee sahee baaharamukhee ate vigiaanak samajh dee usaaree lee usade isade pakh dee thaan usade andarale saar de subhaa noo samajhanaa jarooree hai | ajihaa naa hon dee soorat vich yathaarath aapane dikhade pakh raaheen koval putthaa jaan vikrit roop vich hee nazar aavegaa| yathaarath de is disade roop daa putthaapan kudaratee hee putthee chetanaa dee sirajanaa karegaa|¹⁸ yathaarath daa galat jaan putthaa pratibinb sabandhee naheen hundaa sagon is dee hond samaaj de kise manakhee

samooh de hitaa vich biraajamaan hundee hai|

vichaaradhaaraa dee hond kaaraj ate subhaa pratee aj tak de chintanaeitihaas vich pramakh de hee pravirateean kaarajasheel han| ik praviratee vichaaradhaaraa noo nirol amoorat, aatamik varataaraa devee shakatee jaan daivee pratibhaa de roop vich pes karadee hai| darasn saahit ate hor vigiaanaan vich is praviratee deea kee vises dhaaranaavaan upalabadh han je is noo samaaj de itihaasak amal naalon torrake pes karade han| ih praviratee vichaaravaadee athavaa aadarasvaadee vajon paribhaast keetee jaandee hai| is raaheen samaaj noo nirol vichaaraan, sankalap vajon hee samajhiaa ate grahin keetaa jaandaa hai| ih praviratee vichaaradhaaraa noo samaaj dee padaarathak had vichon paidaa hon de vitaar naal sahimat naheen hai, eise karake ih vichaaradhaaraa noo aatamik varataaraa ate sutantar hond vaalee ikaaee vajon sathaapat karadee hai| ise kaaran ih age saahit noo vichaaradhaaraa vihoonaa banaa ke prasatut karan daa prayatan karadee hai| doosaree praviratee is uparokat praviratee de bilakul vipareet drishattee prasatut karadee hai| ih padaarathavaadee praviratee vichaaradhaaraa de varataare noo nirol vichaaraa, sankalapaa tak jaa kise pratibhaa de daivee gunaa tak ghattaa ke dekhan dee bajaae is noo samaajak hond de padaarathak haalaat dee upaj vajon niroopat karadee hai|

maanavee itihaas dee padaarathavaadee viaakhiaa samaaj de samache aatamak jeevan noo aarathak risatiaa upar aadhaarat samajhadee hai| samaaj dee aarathak neenh vich tabadeelee is aatamak jeevan noo nisachit roop vich roopaantarit ate tabadeel karadee hai| is sanbandh vich maarakasavaad de baanee kaaran maarakas daa kathan hai, aarathak aadhaar de badalan naal paraasanrachanaa daa samachaa vishaal dtaanchaa thorre bahut farak naal ghatt jaan tezee naal badal jaandaa hai| ajihee tabadeelee ute vichaar karadiaan is gal val ucheche dhiaan dee lorr hai ki ik paase taan paidaavaar deean aarathak parisathiteean daa padaarathak roopaantaran hai, jiharraa prakiratak vigiaan vaang shudhataa sahit niradhaarit keetaa jaa sakadaa hai par dooje paase uh kaanoonee, raajaneetik, dhaaramik suhajaatamik jaan daarashanik sankhep roop vich vichaaradhaaraaee roop han, jisade khetar vich manakh aapane pratee suchet han|¹⁹

samaajak manovigiaan ate vichaaradhaaraa de antar noo sathaapat karanaa zarooree hai | kujh chintak is noo ik hee manade han ate kujh inhaan noo nikherr ke samajhade han| samaajak manovigiaan janasadhaaran dee chetanaa hai jis vich samaajak ate aarathak haalataan ton utapon hoe bhaav vichaar, kadaraan keemataan ate rasamarivaaj hunde han| samaajak manovigiaan manakhaan dee rojameraa dee jindagee daa sidhaa padharaa ate aam pragattaa hundaa hai| is vich lokaan dee rozaanaa jindagee dee saragaramee ate anubhav hundaa hai jo inhaan de jeevan de vibhin pakhaan naal sabandhit hundaa hai| padaarathak aarathak sanbandh ate samaajak parisathiteean vich vicharadaa janasadhaaran nitaapratee jeevan deean saragarameean noo aapane

vichaaraan, bhaavaan, manorathaa, aadataan, sanvegaa de roop vich handtaaundaa hai| is noo hee samaajak manovigiaan daa naa ditaa giaa hai|²⁰ samaajak manovigiaan janatak chetanaa hon de kaaran ih samaajak hond ate manakhee saragaramee naal sidhe tauar te sanbandhit hundaa hai| iho kaaran hai ki ih janavichaar kise sidhaantak jaan drishatteekon daa roop sakhiaa dhaaran naheen karade kiaunk inhaan vich bauadhik, bhaavanaatamak tat amalee padhar te lokaan dee aam zindagee daa nichorr hunde han| jis tarhaan samaajak manovigiaan aam lokaan dee vakh vakh saragarameean raaheen sirajat hundee hai, vichaaradhaaraa us tarhaan naheen hundee | ih vichaaraan dee pranaalee vajon raajaneetik, daarashanik naitik, kaanoonee ate suhajaatamik vichaaraa daa sunisachit prabandh hundee hai| ih vichaar prabandh itihaasak ate vishaal anubhav te nirabhar hundaa hai| samaajak manovigiaan vaang ih aap muhaare jaan lokavihaar de vahaa daa jorr naheen hundee sagon vises tauar te chetan ate ganbheer saragaramee hundee hai jiharree ki jamaatee samaaj vich kise ik jamaat de khaas hitaan vich paaee jaandee hai | so vichaaradhaaraa ate samaajak manovigiaan iko cheej naheen| inhaan vich antar sanbandh hai jis karake ih ik dooje noo prabhaavat karade hoe vee vakhare vakhare dtangaan naal samaajak hond noo pragattaaunde han|

vichaaradhaaraa daa subhaa vichaaradhaaraa de varataare daa janam itihaasak vikaas dee ter vichon hoeaa hai ate is noo samakaalee samaajak, aarathak raajaneetak ate sabhiaachaarak banatar prafalat karadee hai| samaajak vikaas ate ter mutaabak aapane aap noo dtaaladee hai| vichaaradhaaraa samaajak chetanataa de samach vajon itihaasak amal anusaar pravaahit hundee hai| samaajak chetanataa samaaj de charitar anusaar aapanaa subhaa ate saroop dhaaradee hai| jamaatee samaaj vich samaajak chetanataa nisache hee jamaatee kiradaar vaalee hundee hai| jamaatee samaaj vich vichaaradhaaraa vee jamaatee charitar dee dhaaranee hundee hai kiaunk virodhaan bhare samaaj vich jamataa dee parisathitee kise vee tarhaan saavee naheen hundee| inhaan de vakh vakh jamaatee aadaras ate kaaraj hunde han| vichaaraan de nisachit prabandh raaheen ik jaan doojee jamaat samaaj vich aapane sathaan ate prabhutav noo pragatt karadee hai ate aapane hitaa dee raakhee karadee hai| naal dee naal aadarash praapatee ate kaaraj noo nepare chaarrhan lee prayatan karadee hai, vichaaradhaaraa, aarathik, raajaneetak, kaanoonee te naitik mulaa daa nisachit prabandh hon karake darasaaundaa hai ki samaajak chetanataa jo kise nisachit jamaat ate usade dal de hit pooradee hoee ate kaaraj lee us jamaat ate dal noo raah dasadee hoee us noo takarriaa karadee unat karadee jaan usade ain ulatt sathaapat samaajak sanbandhaan noo torradee hai| vichaaradhaaraa jamaatee chetanataa hai, eih nisache hee bedhaatamak kadar hundee hai jiharree jeevan ate samaajak aadaras pratee sahee jaan galat vichaar apanaaundee hai |²¹

eih nisachit roop vich kihaa jaa sakadaa hai ki jamaatee samaaj vich soshik ate

shosit dehaan jamaataan dee vichaaradhaaraa hundee hai| sakhat vichaaradhaarak sangharash, jiharraa jamaatee sangharas daa ik roop hai, jamaatee samaaj dee virodhataa daa antareevee lachhan hai|

vichaaradhaaraa pratee itihaasak pahunch is gal vich thaah puaaun vich madad karadee hai ki uh agaanh vadhoo jamaat de hitaa dee sevaa karadee hai ki jaa pichhaanh khichoo jamaat de hitaan dee pooratee karadee hai| jinaa chir ik jaan doojee jamaat samaaj de itihaasak amal vich agaahavadhoo rol adaa karadee hai ate us jamaat de hit samaaj de baaharamukhee yathaarath de vikaas naal mel khaande han taan usadee vichaaradhaaraa yathaarath daa sahee pratibinb hovegee| par jadon koee ik jamaat aapanaa agaahavadhoo rol khatam kar baitthadee hai ate usade hit vikaas de asalee pravaah naal ttakaraaundee sathitee vich rahin lag painde han taan us jamaat dee vichaaradhaaraa samen dee sachee vichaaradhaaraa naheen rahindee| bahut vaar us jamaat de hitaa dee surakhiaa lee ate samaaj vich us noo sahee tthahiraaun lee yathaarath noo galat dtang naal prasatut karadee hai| se vichaaradhaaraa aapane subhaa anukool samaaj vich saragaram rol adaa karadee hoee vibhin jamaataa de padaarathak hitaan dee bauadhik abhiviakatee ²² karadee hai|

aunjh jamaatee samaaj vich bhaaroo vichaaradhaaraa hukamaraan jamaat dee hundee hai| par is vich vichaaradhaaraavaan de hee ho sakadeean han| soshan karan vaalee te sesit hon vaalee| is de vichakaar koee teejee vichaaradhaaraa ho hee naheen sakadee| vichaaradhaaraa de ise sanbandh vich niman likhat kathan ulekh yog hai, eise lee vichaaradhaaraa de khetar vich keval de hee rasate han vigiaanak jaan avigiaanak | vichaaradhaaraa jaan taan baaharamukhee ate vigiaanak ho sakadee hai ate jaa keval avigiaanak | ise lee isade subhaa daa mool lachhan ih hai ki aapane antim subhaa vich manakhee hitaan de anusaaree ho sakadee hai jaan virodhee | teesare jaan taa samaajak itihaasak vikaas de rukh vagan vaalee ate is vahaao noo tez karan lee sahaaeik dee bhoomikaa nibhaaun vaalaa varataaraa saabat ho sakadee hai jaan is vikaas prakriaa daa virodhee kaaran| chauathe vichaaradhaaraa jamaatee samaaj vich jamaatee subhaa vaalee hee ho sakadee hai ate jamaat rahit jaan jamaataan ton mukat samaaj vich vichaaradhaaraa sarab saanjhee ate samache samaaj dee vichaaradhaaraa ban sakadee hai |²³

eis tarhaan uparokat adhiain ton vichaaradhaaraa de sankalap paribhaashaa saroop ate subhaa baare ik paripekh ujaagar hundaa hai parantoo ih paripakh samaajak chetanataa de hor roopaan de prasang vich sapastt roop vich nikharr ke saahamane aaundaa hai| jo vichaaradhaaraa de varataare de baaharamukhee adhiain lee is noo baakee samaajak chetanataa de roopaan naal antara sanbandhit karake dekhanaa vee zarooree ho jaandaa hai taan hee aseen vicharadhaaraa baare vigiaanak te nisachit roop vich drisatteekon apanaa sakade haan|

vichaaradhaaraa ate samaajak chetanataa de hor roop falasafaa samaajak chetanaa daa ik roop hai, jis vich hasatee ate bodh de aam kaanoonaa baare ate chintan ate hasatee

de sanbandhaa baare sankalap mauajood han| falasafe de mukh prakaaraj han bandhaatamak sansaar drisattee, vidhee vigiaanak ate vichaaradhaarak sansaar drishattee daa ih arath liaa jaandaa hai ki ih baaharee sansaar ate samaajak jeevan baare aamiaae vichaaraan daa ate is duneea val ate khud aapane val manakh de vateere daa itihaasak tauar te saakaar hoeaa sisattam hundaa hai| ih vichaar aise asoolaan daa kam karade han jiharre manakh de vihaar noo ate sansaar baare bodh praapat karan de dtangaan tareekiaan noo nisachit karade han|²⁴ darashan samaajak chetanaa de vibhin roopaan vichon mehatavapooran ate vilakhan roop hai| ih vises tauar te manakh samaaj ate prakiratee de kaanoonaan daa bedhaatamak roop hai| bahut saare chintak ate vidavaan darasn ate vichaaradhaaraa noo khalat malat kar dinde han| darasn chintan ate asatitav de buniaadee suaalaa de aapasee sanbandhaan dee viaakhiaa val ruchit hundaa hai, jadon ki vichaaradhaaraa samaajak chetanataa de samache roopaan dee ik uh vichaar pranaalee hai je samaaj de andar jamaatee sangharash pratee ik khaas rukh akhatiaar karadee hai| uh rukh je sathaapatee jaan visathaapatee daa ho sakadaa hai| darasn jamaatee samaaj vich ik vises drisattee raaheen ik jamaat de hitaan noo surakhiat vee rakhadaa hai te unhaan pratee tarakasangat hal jaan unhaan pratee larraaee daa ik hathiaar vee banadaa hai | darasn daa ik vises khetar hai, jiharraa ki giaan de niyamaan, manakhee chetanataa, maanavee had ate samaaj vich manakh dee bhoomikaa de aamiaae asoolaan naal sanbandhit hai| darashan khetar vich de buniaadee pravirateean vichaaravaadee ate padaarathavaadee han| jinhaan dee viaakhiaa ate pusttee de pichhokarr vich vee vichaaradhaaraavaan kam karadeean han, jiharreean kise khaas samooh ate jamaatee hitaan naal prateebadh hundeean han| samaajak vikaas ate samaajee varataariaan vich vichaaradhaaraa niranaaeik bhoomikaa te samaajak chetanataa de vibhin pragattaa maadhiamaan vich vee saarathak rol adaa karadee hai| vichaaradhaaraa daa darashan de khetar vich pitth bhoomee vajon kaaraj bahut hee gunjhaladaar, adakh ate varataariaan dee niyamabadh viaakhiaa de pichhokarr vajon hundaa hai| darashan de khetar vich keetee harek varataare dee viaakhiaa te paribhaasaa de samachataa vich rakh ke keete vislesn vichon hee vichaaradhaaraa de varataare raaheen pes jeevan keemataan, roop te hitaan daa daa muhaavaraa dekhiaa jaa sakadaa hai| ²⁵

raajaneetee vichaaraa daa uh samooh hai je jamaatee samaaj vich kise jamaat valon amal vich liaandee jaandee neetee noo sidhaantak tauar te sindh karadee hai| ih ik vichaaradhaarak masalaa hundiaan aarathakataa naal ddoonghee tarhaan sanbandhat hai jo is noo ikaagar roop vich pratibinbat karadaa hai| raajaneetee aarathak aadhaar noo samache vichaaradhaarak prausaar naal jorran vaalee ik vichalee karree hai raajaneetee daa dooje prausaar de roopaan naal davandaatamak sanbandh hundaa hai| vichaaradhaaraa raajaneetee naal ajihe rujhaladaar ate adakh roop vich jurree hundee hai ki ih samaaj vich khaas hitaan noo lokaan dee maanasikataa daa jaaeiz ang tthahiraaun de kaaraj vich saragaram rahindee hai| vichaaradhaaraa de unj taan saare pragattaa maadhiam hee

kise naa kise tarhaan paidaavaree pranaalee naal antar sanbandhat hunde han parantoo raajaneetee aarathakataa naal nerrion sanbandhat hon kaaran kise jamaat dee neetee, mantar ate amal noo banjhaven roop vich prasatut karake vichaaradhaarak sangharash daa ahim hisaa banadee hai| raajaneetak vichaaradhaaraa de raaheen hee vakh vakh jamaatee sangatthan, raajaneetak dal, jamaatee sangharash, raajaneetak larraaee aadik vishes tauar te samaajak banatar dee sathaapatee jaan visathaapatee pratee ik khaas nazareea dhaaran karade han| sathool roop vich raajaneetak vichaaradhaaraa noo jamaatee sangharas de vichon ahim tauar te pachhaaniaa jaa sakadaa hai jaa isade pachhaan chinhaan dee nisaanadehee unhaan jamaatee hitaan ton keetee jaa sakadee hai jinhaan dee surakhiaa jaan asurakhiaa dee khaatar vakh vakh jamaataan lagaataar jadojahid karadeean han|

dharam samaajak chetanataa daa vishes roop hai jis raaheen vichaaradhaaraa daa pragattaa, jeevanakeemataa te manakhee maanasikataa daa ik vishes sandarabh usaaradaa hai| dharam manakh dee chetanataa vich yathaarath daa anokhaa pratibinb hai| dharam daidee jaan alokik naheen sagon samaaj dee upaj hai| ih kise vee manakh dee jamaandaroo visesataa naheen | dharam manakhee man vich unhaan baaharee skateean dee anokhe pratibinb de sivaae kujh vee naheen je usade rozameraa de jeevan daa niyantaran karadee hai| iho pratibinb jis vich padaarathak sakatee paraapraakiratik skatee daa roop dhaaran kar laindee hai |²⁶ dharam deveedevatiaan ate dhaaramak rahureetaan ajaa karan vaale vidhavaasaan naal jurriaa hoeaa hai| dharam maanavee chetanaa vich us samen hond vich aaeaa jadon paidaavaree shakateean dee padhar bahut neeveen see | is neeveen padhar de kaaran prakiratee deean aapamuhaaree skateean de ute nirabharataa ate unhaan de giaan dee thurr kaaran dharam daa udai hoeaa hai| ise karake ih samaajak upaj hundaa hoeaa samaajak chetanataa daa vises ate prateenidh roop hai|

manakh unhaan prakiratik shakateean noo khus ate santusatt karanaa chaahundaa hai jinhaan de uh adheen hai| unhaan dee uh poojaa karadaa hai taan jo uh sakateean us noo dukh takaleef ate samasiaavaan ton surakhiat rakhan| aapanee aapanee paranparaa reetee rivaajaa aad dee vivasathaa samet dhaaramak sansathaavaan daa janam hundaa hai|

dharam vee vichaaradhaaraa dee ik uh pragattaa vidhee hai je dhaaramak chetanataa dhaaramak sankalapaan, dhaaramak chinh ate poojaavidheean raaheen prasatut hundaa hai| samaajak manakhee vikaas de itihaasak parraa te dharam ik yug chetanaa ate vishav dristtee banake ubhariaa| is visvadristtee dee vichaaradhaaraa ne manakhee visvaas deean skateean naal pavatar ristaa sathaapat karan vich vee sahaaeitaa keetee| ih ristaa adakh skatee daa maanavee man vich sradhaa daa kendar baniaa| is prasang ate vichaaradhaarak dristtee ton rache ge saahit daa mukh muhaavaraa dhaaramak hai| madhakaaleen saamantee samaaj vich dhaaramak vivasathaa vich naa siraf gatthabandhan see saree dehaa de nisaane vee ik san| ise karake us samen dharam, saahit, vichaaradhaaraa, raajaneetee aapane ik sisattam te sangatthit roop vich saahamane

aaee| panjaabee saahit vich ajihe sangatthit roop vaalee pratham te samarath rachanaa gurabaanee mukh hai jisadaa muhaavaraa dhaaramak hai|

dharam ate vichaaradhaaraa daa goorrhaa sanbandh hon karake, vichaaradhaaraa dhaaramik muhaavaraa akhatiaar karake manakhee keemataan dee sathaapanaa karadee hai, par ih aapane antam roop vich sangharash chetanaa de tthos kaaranaan naal ttakaraaun dee bajaae ik ichhat kalapit lok de mantavaan de sarokaar apanaa laindee hai| ise karake panjaabee saahit gurabaanee de vises prasang vicha vee dharam te vichaaradhaaraa noo sajorr roop vich pes karadaa hoeaa paramaarathik sataa de nerre pahunch jaandaa hai|

vigiaan saanoo kise sathitee daa vichaarak giaan dindaa hai|²⁷ vigiaan samaajak chetanataa daa uh roop hai jiharraa prakiratee samaaj ate sochanee baare manakhaan de giaan de samooh jaan prabandh dee prateenidhataa karadaa hai | is daa mantav bandh praapatee karake vikaas noo chalaaun vaale niyamaan noo labhanaa hai | ih vichaaradhaarak ate samaajak chetanataa daa pragattaa maadhiam yathaarath de pratibinb de tarateebabodh giaan daa roop hai| ih samaajak itihaasak vihaar de aadhaar ute utapan hoe pahilooaan noo sankalapaapravaragaa te niyamaan de amoorat tarakasangat roop vich pes karadaa hai| vigiaan vich vichaar adheen varataariaan de saar tat baare hamesaan anumaan, khiaalee khaake ate manauataan hundeean han| is karake vigiaan ik bahuparatee te samaajak varataaraa hai| vigiaan de baare ik chintak daa mat hai ki, vigiaan manakh dee samaaj ate kudarat de niyamaan dee khoj vich ate unhaan niyamaan noo usadeean jaroorataan anusaar baaharee yathaarath de vich banh ke varatan vich madad karadaa hai |²⁸

manakh samaaj dee jattil prakiriaa vich rahinde hee naheen sagon uh samaaj de unhaan jattil niyamaan de bandh noo praapat vee karade han jo samaaj de varataariaan vich kaarajaseel hunde han| manakhee saragaramee samaajak jeevan jaach noo sathool tauar te niyam badh giaan vich praapat karan de raah paindee hai| ithe hee vigiaan ate vichaaradhaaraa daa antarasanbandh paidaa hundaa hai| vichaaradhaaraa vigiaan de yathaarath noo prasatut karan naal nerrion jurree hundee hai jo is vich adakh tauar te aapanee saragaram bhoomikaa nibhaaundee hai| ih vigiaan raaheen praapat keete yathaarath daa saadhaaraneekaran, vichaaradhaaraa noo tikhe roop ch gharran ate nisachit karan vich ahim rol adaa karadee hai| ise karake vichaaradhaarak drisattee ton kise varataare daa adhiain sanbandhit viakatee ate uhadee pratakhan dee seemaa te nirabhar karadaa hai| vigiaan duaaraa praapat yathaarath dee peshakaaree vich vichaaradhaaraa daa niranaaeik rel hundaa hai jis karake ih doven jattil ate adakh roop vich ik dooje naal nerrio jurre hunde han|

naitikataa ate vichaaradhaaraa doven samaajak chetanataa de vikasat pragattaa maadhiam han| naitikataa kise khaas khite de lokasamooh daa aapasee kaaravihaar hai jo changaaburaa,

niaa aniaa aad de pravaragaan raaheen prasatut hundaa hai| naitik galaan hee kise jamaat de aadarash, mantav, asool ate najaree nisachit karadeean han| naitikataa samaajak banatar de prasang vich chhottee ton chhottee ikaaee noo aapane kalevar vich laindee hai te samaaj de viaapak padhar upar prasatut karadee hai naitikataa daa ih varataaraa kise samaajak banatar vich sahij chetanaa ate aam pravaanit naitik ahisaasaan dee neenh te usariaa hundaa hai jis noo sanbandhit samaajak ikaaee aam asoolaan de roop vich pravaan karadee hai| ise vichon samaaj dee naitik chetanaa viakatee de asoolaan de samaajak mulaankan arathaat unhaan dee samaajak ahimeeat de mulaankan ate vivechan de roop vich pragatt hundee hai|²⁹

maanavee samaaj vich, samaajak jeevan vich ghattadeean ghattanaavaan dee viaakhiaa mukh tauar te pravaanit asoolaan de anusaar keetee jaandee hai jis daa mukh kam naitik kadaraan keemataan de prasang vich hee nepare chaarrhiaa jaandaa hai| vichaaradhaaraa hameshaa inhaan naitik kadaraa keemataa de sankalapaan, mulaan ate asoolaan de raaheen hee pragatt hundee hai | jithe maanavee samaaj dee aaranbhak avasathaa vich naitikataa ate vichaaradhaaraa samoohak prayojan hit saahamane aae uthe jamaatee samaaj vich naitikataa vee jamaatee kiradaar vaalee ho gee| is de jamaatee kiradaar kaaran hee samaajak kaaravihaar de virodh unhaan vishavaasaan ate akeediaan vichon saahamane aaunde han jo ik jamaat dee naitikataa de virodh vich hunde han| jamaatee tauar te naitik vichaar, vishavaas ate asool vichaaradhaarak virodhaan noo utapan karade han| naitik kadaraa keemataa de pichhe kise khaas vichaaradhaaraa dee saragaram bhoomikaa hundee hai|

kaanoonee chetanaa samaajak chetanaa daa uh roop hai jo sidhe tauar te samaaj dee banatar naal jurriaa hoeaa hai| kaanoonee chetanaa khaas tauar te sankalapaan, vichaaraan daa uh prabandh hai jo samaajak banatar de subhaa anukool hee aapane aap noo pravaratit karadaa rahindaa hai| samaajak aadhaar vich aam tauar te pravaanit niyamaasool vichaar sadaachaarak neehaan kaanoonee chetanaa hundeean han | jamaatee samaaj vich kaanoon pranaalee pichhe khaas jamaatee ate vichaaradhaarak tat hunde han jinhaan de kaaran ih sugatthit roop vich hond grahin karade han| kaanoon nisache hee ik jamaat de hitaan dee surakhiaa vich bhugatade han ate doosaree jamaat de hitaan dee virodhataa vich kharrhade han| ithon hee jamaataan daa vichaaradhaarak virodh panap utthadaa hai| ik jamaat kaanoon raaheen hee aapane hitaan noo yog karaar dindee hai ate maanavee samaaj te sabhiaachaar vich is noo janachetanaa daa hisaa banaaunaa chaahundee hai| misaal vajon isataree de sankalap ate asatitav noo jamaatee samaaj de parraa anusaar hee sathaan praapat hoeaa hai| jaageeroo ate saamantee kadaraan keemataa vaale samaaj vich isataree marad dee gulaamaanaa jihaneeat daa shikaar hai | saramaaedaaree sisattam vich usadee sutantarataa vee adheenataa vich hai jadon ki samaajavaadee prabandh vich aauarat marad baraabar de sathaan de dhaaranee han| iho samaajak prabandhaan vich je samaajak asool han unhaan noo vises samaajak tauar jamaatee ate vichaaradhaarak najaree ton samajhiaa jaa sakadaa hai jis naal

kaanoonee sankalapaa dee vichaaradhaaraa naal antarasanbandhit baare bharoseyog giaan mil sakadaa hai|

saahit ate kalaa samaajak chetanataa daa prateenidh roop hai jo samaaj de aatamik vikaas vich ik saragaram rol adaa karadaa hai| saahit ate kalaa noo samaajak varataaraa manade hoe is de baaharamukhee adhiain ton ih sapasatt ho jaandaa hai ki ih us lorr de hungaare vichon paidaa hundee hai jiharree lorr manakhaan vichaale suhajaatamak khushee jaan aanand praapat karan lee paidaa hundee hai | suhajaatamak lorr samaajak lorr hee naheen sagon samoohagatasamaajagat lorr vee hundee hai| saahit ate kalaa is lorr dee pooratee daa saadhan hon de baavajood sidhaa, sapaatt varanan naheen sagon ih ik jattil prakiriaa hai| ih samache tauar te yathaarath daa pratibinb hee naheen sagon vishes kisam dee sabhiaachaarak saragaramee, saragaram sirajanaa ate kalaatamik usaaree hundee hai| kalaa davandaatamak prakiriaa chon niroopat hundee hoee samaajak ate sabhiaachaarak mehatav vee rakhadee hai| kalaa de baare sankhipat shabadaan ch avaner jis likhadaa hai, kalaa sabh ton pahilaan samaajak de tanataa daa roop, budhee ate jazabe dee upaj sochan daa ik vishes ate suhajaatamik abhiviakatee daa dtang hai | ³⁰

saahit samaajak chetanataa de suntatar roop vajon baakee samaajak chetanataa de roopaan naal davandaatamak sanbandhaan vich barriaa hoeaa hai| ih saare roop antarasanbandhit hon de baavajood dee vishes ate sutantar khetar de dhaaranee han| saahit samaajak yathaarath de suhajaatamak ate kalaatamik binch kaaran vakharee pachhaan daa dhaaranee hai| suhaj saahit ate kalaa daa buniaadee suaal hai | suhajachetanaa vises haalataan dee upaj hai jis kaaran samaajak khaase vaalee hai, jamaadaroo jaa rabee bakhasish naheen | suhajachetanaa daa sankalap visaal ate visatrit khetar daa lakhaaeik hai, jis vich sangeet, chitarakaaree butakalaa, bhavana niramaan kalaa, nrit saahit vaang kee hor khetar vee shaamal han| suhaj chetanaa vich kise samaaj de lokaan deean suhajaatamik bhaavanaavaan rucheean vichaaraan ate aadarasaan noo saamal keetaa jaa sakadaa hai|

jeevan daa sach ate kalaa daa sach ik dooje de virodhee naheen han parantoo fir vee ik samaan naheen han| kalaa vich samaajak yathaarath noo ik sidhe pratibinb vajon naheen sirajiaa jaandaa sagon is noo binbaan chinh raaheen saakaar keetaa jaandaa hai | yathaarath noo grahin karanaa ate murr kalaatamik abhiviakatee de tauar te pesh karan vich hee saahit dee vilakhanataa hai|

eis saahit ate kalaa dee saarathakataa ate mehatav vasatoogat yathaarath noo isade ucheche te vikasat roop yathaarath vich prasatut karan vich hee hai| is sirajanaatamak peshakaaree vich hee saahit vilakhan charitar daa dhaaranee banadaa hai ate is noo baakee vichaaradhaarak roopaan naalon vakhare asatitav te nuhaar dee praapatee hundee hai| ³¹

saahit baaharamukhee yathaarath noo vises suhajaatamik binbaan de maadhiam raaheen grahin toon pesh karadaa hai| ih peskaaree saabadik prakiriaa raaheen sanbhav hai bhaav bhaasaaee kaaraj hai jis raaheen saahit sirajanaa sanbhav hai|

bhaashaa dee binbaan ch varaton raaheen hee samaajak jeevan noo prasatut keetaa jaandaa hai | bhaashaa maanavee samaaj dee sresttatam praapatee hai jo us noo baakee prakiratee de jeevaa naalon nikherradee hai| bhaasaa maanavee samaaj dee paidaavar hon karake vee saahit daa khaasaa samaajak banadaa hai ise kaaran vee kalaa ik samaajak kaaraj hai|³² eih samaajak khaasaa saahit de samaajak ate sabhiaachaarak mantavaan pratee vee sanket karadaa hai|

suhaj shaasatar de ghere andar har bhaasaa daa saahit vichaar charachaa daa aadhaar banadaa hai| is sandarabh vich saahit vaadavivaad daa suaal baniaa rihaa hai ki saahit noo samaajak jeevan de saarathak pahilooaa lee kiven varatiaa jaave | sansaar bharade vichaaravaanaa vich asahimatee deean dhaaranaavaan han| parantoo fir vee is dee saarathakataa suhajaatamak abhiviakatee raaheen prasatut honee zarooree hai| vichaar ate mantavaan dee hee peskaaree saahit noo saahit manan pratee snkaa utapan kar sakadee hai| is sanbandh vich atar singh daa vichaar mehatavapooran hai| saahit vich mantav jaan dristteekan, kalaamee dtang naal hee banhanaa hovegaa| naheen taan saahit bhoogol ate vigiaan darashan jaan ganit vidiaa dee padhar te leh jaavegaa| ³³

saahit samaajak jeevan de vishes khetar dee vasatoo hon karake is daa kaaraj yathaarath noo suhajaatamik jaan vivahaarak roop vich aatamasaat karanaa hai| samaajak cheta nataa de roop de tauar te saahit daa manorath yathaarath chitaran de naal naal manakhaan de suhajaatamik sanbandhaan noo pratibinbat karanaa ate samaaj de suhaj noo vikasat karanaa vee hundaa hai | yathaarath noo kalaatamik prateekaa raaheen pratibinbat karan karake saahit pecheedaa, jattil ate baaharamukhee vasatoo hai| saahit de kalaatamik binb vich vichaar drishatteekon, vichaaradhaaraa, samaajak sabhiaachaarak mehatav aad usade antareevee saar vich lupat hundaa hai| saahit ate vichaaradhaaraa daa bahut ddoonghaa sanbandh hundaa hai|³⁴ saahit te vichaaradhaaraa de ddoonghe sabandh karake hee saahit ik vichaaradhaarak hathiaar banadaa hai, jis raaheen jamaatee samaaj vich vishes jamaataan de hitaan dee abhiviakatee hundee hai | maarakasavaad de baaneea ne is gal ute vises roop vich zor ditaa hai ki jamaataan de vichaaradhaarak sangharas vich kalaa ik mehatavapooran hathiaar hai| ³⁵

saahit ik paase taan kise nisachat samaajak vivasathaa de ik roop vich nisachat jamaat de raajaneetak, naitik daarasanik ate hor vichaaraan de sanvaahak daa kam karadaa hai| doojaa isadaa aapanaa roop vee vichaaradhaarak hundaa hai| saahitakalaa ate vichaaradhaaraa ik taan naheen parantoo inhaan noo nikherranaa vee asanbhav hai kiaunk vichaar kalaa vich mehatavapooran hundaa hai | vichaar te binhaa kalaa bejaan mehatav rahit ate niraarathak hundee hai|

jaaraj palaikhaanav daa vishavaas hai ki vichaar ton vaanjhee koee kalaatamak rachanaa ho hee nahee sakadee| ³⁶

vichaaradhaaraa de prabhaav kaaran hee kalaa samaajak yathaarath pratee vishes rukh akhatiaar karadee hai| saahitakalaa yathaarath noo siraf pratibinbat hee naheen karadee sagon usadaa mulaakan karadee hoee ik soojh drisattee vee pradaan karadee hai| saahitakaar aapanee saahit sirajanaa vich kise naa kise vichaar dee pusttee karadaa hai jaan us ton inakaar karadaa hai arathaat kise naa kise roop vich nisache hee samaajak aadaras daa samarathan karadaa hai| is samaajak aadaras vich hee vichaaradhaaraa lupat hundee hai bhaaven saahitakaar is ton jaanoo hove jaan naa hove parantoo vichaaradhaarak drisattee har rachanaa vich samaaee hundee hai| rachanaatamak utejanaa pichhe koee naa koee achet, vichaaradhaaraaee preranaa ades kiriaasheel hundee hai| besk yug chetanaa dee prateenidhataa uh kavee karade han jo aapanee rachanaa duaaraa yug dee pradhaan vichaaradhaaraa dee araadhanaa karade han|³⁷

vichaaradhaaraa de sandarabh vich hee saahit yathaarath daa nirol pratibinb naa hundaa hoeaa, samaajak jeevan daa jadon mulaankan karadaa hai taan uh viakateetav dee saragaram bhoomikaa noo sidhaantak padhar te pramaanit karadaa hai| rachanaakaar dee pratibhaa pichhe vichaaradhaaraa aapanaa kaaraj karadee hai| iaun saahit nirapekh naa hundaa hoeaa saapekhak sutantarataa raaheen viakateetav vichaaradhaaraa, pratibhaa ate kalaatamak shakatee daa prateek banadaa hai| samaaj vich saahit samaajak chetanataa de roop vajon vichaaradhaarak hathiaar hee naheen jaa vises samaajak yug chetanaa naal jurre vichaar hee naheen saree nirantar maanavee sabhiaachaar noo ik paranparaa vich paroee rakhadaa hai| ih paranparaasirajanaa vich vichaaradhaaraa daa ahim yogadaan ghattaa ke naheen dekhiaa jaa sakadaa|

saahit, alochanaa ate vichaaradhaaraa samaajak prakiriaavaan unhaan baaharamukhee niyamaan anusaar vikaas karadeean han jiharre jeevan ate samaaj dee unatee de sabh ton jarooree arath viakat karade han| samaajak aarathak banatar ik gateesheel, akhandd banatar hai jis de andarale sarotaan duaaraa hee vikaas hundaa hai| samaajak utapaadan lagaataar vaadhe vikaas ate sudhaar dee sathitee vich rahindaa hai| samaajak utapaadan de badalan naal hee usade sahiang vee badal jaande han| saahit unhaan sahiangaan vichon ik hai jo samaajak aarathak banatar deean tabadeeleea dee gateesheelataa anusaar tabadeel hundaa rahindaa hai| ih parivaratan vasatoogat ate roopagat deh padharaan te hundaa hai| saahit samaajak tauar anusaar vichaaraan noo sathaapat vee karadaa hai ate khud vikaas dee karadaa hai|

samaajak aarathak banatar daa sankalap itihaasak varataariaan dee pecheedaa samasiaavaa noo sulajhaaun vich saaddee madad vee karadaa hai| bhaaven koee vee varataaraa kise vee roop ate subhaa vich hoe us noo baaharamukhee niyamaan anusaar samajhiaa jaanaa chaaheedaa hai| misaal vajon samaajak itihaas saadde lee ghattanaavaan daa dter maatar naheen sagon

samaajak aarathak banatar vajon niyamat roop vich ubharake saahamane aaeaa sankalap hai| samaajak aarathak banatar dee khoj naal itihaas noo vigiaanak aadhaar te yugaan vich vanddanaa sanbhav ho giaa hai| is naal samache itihaasak amal noo ik nirantar gatee vich varanan keetaa jaa sakadaa hai| is ton saarathak nateeje te pahunchiaa jaa sakadaa hai ki samache itihaas ne ik banatar ton doojee banatar tak parivaratan hee naheen keetaa sagon neeven ton uchere padhar tak vikaas vee keetaa hai| samaajak vikaas naal siraf samaajak chetanataa hee prachandd naheen hoee sagon us ne maanavee saragaramee de vibhin roopaan noo janam vee ditaa hai ate vikasat vee keetaa hai|

manakhee samaaj de banataree subhaa noo daarashanikaan ne varanan hee naheen keetaa sagon khojiaa vee hai jis naal inakalaabee tabadeeleean vaapareean han| is naal maanav daa aatamik jagat ameer hoeaa hai| ik aatamik jagat daa saragaram khetar saahit ate aalochanaa daa khetar hai|

saahit ik ganbheer sookham jattil ate pecheedaa saragaramee hai jisadaa itihaasak vikaas de har parraa ute samakaaleen aarathak, samaajak, dhaaramak ate sabhiaachaarak parisathiteean naal ddoonghaa sanbandh hundaa hai| saahit de sirajanaatamak amal dauaraan samakaaleen parisathiteean ton lai ke vishav dristteekon tak daa saragaram rol hundaa hai| saahit de vaang hee aalochanaa vee samakaaleen parisathiteean dee den hon karake itihaasak vikaas dee paidaavar hai| ih aapane itihaasak subhaa karake sirajanaatamak amal noo viselasanee amal raaheen dristteereechar karadee hai| ih mahiz saahitak rachanaavaan te ttipanee maatar jaan pratikaram naheen hundee saraan vises vichaaradhaarak aadhaaraan tahit aapanaa kaaraj karadee hoee samaajak amal vich aapanaa rol adaa karadee hai| is dee mehatataa noo cheenee chintak maao jetung ne nikherr ke pes keetaa hai ki saahit ate kalaa aalochanaa saahit de sansaar vich sangharas deean vidheean vichon ik pramakh vidhee hai jis lee vises adhiain dee jaroorat bahut hee ahim hai| ³⁸

aalochanaa jaa suhaj saasatar sansaar de suhajaatamik manakhee anubhav hetth kam karade nemaan noo sankhipat tauar te pesh karadaa hai| ih pravaan karade hoe ki nom kalaa vich sarab pakhee sidhaa ate pooran pragattaao paaunde han is lee aalochanaa jaan suhaj saasatar sabh ton pahilaan kalaatamik sirajanaa de khaase kalaa dee buniaadee sidhaantaan ate is de saar tat daa vigiaan hai | is tarhaan aalochanaa je suhaj anubhav de vakh vakh pragattaaviaan vich anubhav dee smooleeat noo vigiaanak tareeke naal pramaanit karake usadaa mehatav ate us duaaraa kalaa vich nibhaaee jaandee bhoomikaa duaaraa niradhaarit hove, vigiaanak aalochanaa hovegee|

saahit aalochanaa jaa saahit adhiain visiaa dee itihaasak gateesheelataa de sandarabh vich viaakhiaa karadaa hai ate vigiaan giaan vikaas daa varanan vee karadee

hai| ih aalochanaa saahit de andarale dtaanche te hee naheen sagon is de saar tat te vee laagoo hundee hai bhaav ih dohaan dee ekataa te zor dindaa hai| jadon aseen is ekataa noo vekhane hatt jaande haan taan ikapaasarr pahunch de khatare paidaa hone jrooree ho jaande han|³⁹

saahit adhiain jaan suhaj shaasatar nisache hee daarasnik khaasaa rakhadaa hai par ih darasan naal miladaa juladaa naheen ate naa hee darasn daa ang hai| saahit adhiain aapane vises manorath ate lachhan rakhadaa hai| is daa aapanaa visaa vasatoo ate aapane nem han jinhaan noo suhaj kalaa ate sachaaee daa bandh kihaa jaandaa hai | saahit adhiain de sidhaant viakateegat roop ate vises lachhanaa kaaran vilakhan roop akhatiaar karade han| eise kaaran kalaa de baakee roopaan dee aalochanaa is de naal mel naheen khaandee

saahit aalochanaa vichon kadte ge sitte sangeet upar laagoo naheen hunde ate sangeet vigiaan vichon kadte ge sitte naattak te laagoo naheen hunde|⁴⁰

saahit sirajanaa suchet ate prateebadh kaaraj hai, aalochanaa is prateebadh kaaraj dee viaakhiaa ate mulaankan karadee hai| saahit sirajanaatamak amal hon kaaran sansalesanee subhaa daa hundaa hai jadon ki aalochanaa vishalesnee subhaa de anukool hundee hai| ise karake haribhajan singh aalochanaa arath nikherriaan dee vidiaa hai, ⁴¹ kahindaa hai | saahit sirajanaa ate saahit aalochanaa vich buniaadee farak hai| ih buniaadee farak aalochanaa ate saahit dee sirajanaatamak bhaashaa vich vee antar rakhadaa hai| aalochanaa saahit sirajanaa dee sbadee viaakhiaa ton upar utth ke us de antareevee arathasabhiaachaar dee pachhaan karaaundee hai| ise karake saahit aapane saral arath ton agaanh ddoonghe arathaan daa sanchaar karadaa hai| use sanchaar noo aalochanaa ujaagar karadee hai| prasadh chintak peeare maaseree de sbadaan vich, aalochak ik naveen bhaashaa de prayog naal saahit kirat vich ik vakharevaan paidaa karadaa hai, eih sapashatt karadiaan ki ih jo kujh disadee hai isaton vakharee hai |⁴²

eis daa kaaran ih vee hundaa hai ki saahit sirajanaa jithe yathaarath dee punara sirajanaa hundee hoee kalapanaa te aadhaarit hundee hai, authe aalochanaa vivek ute aadhaarit hundee hai| is vivek kaaran aalochanaa kalaa de andarale nemaan te aadhaarit hundee hoee prasatut chitar baare giaan mulak honee zarooree hundee hai | suaal ih hundaa hai ki kalaa kritaan duaaraa pesh chitar kis prakaar daa hai, eih gol ki pesh chitar lekhak de vichaaraan daa kithon tak anusaaree hai, doojee gal hai|⁴³ saahitak chitar val ishaaraa saahit de andarale nemaan pratee pusattee karadaa hai|

jamaatee samaaj vich aalochanaa ik saragaram rol adaa karadee hai| uh rachanaavaan de vichaaradhaarak tataan daa ang nikherr karadee hai ate rachanaavaan vich pesh saahitak chitar daa baaharamukhee adhiain karake usade samaajak rol pratee saarathakataa niraarathakataa noo ughaarradee

hai| saahit adhiain vee jamaatee samaaj vich kise jamaat de vishes hitaa anukool hee hundaa hai kiaunk ih saahitak kirataan dee viaakhiaa de naal vises dristteekon noo dhaaran karadee hai| kise vee ghattanaa de mulaankan lee kise nisachit samaajak garup de dristteekon noo sidhe ate khulhe roop vich apanaaundaa hai|⁴⁴ ih drishatteekon daa hal aalochak ute nirabhar karadaa hai ki saahit daa aalochak saahit daa adhiain kis dristtee ton karadaa hai, eih is gal te nirabhar karadaa hai ki uh rachanaa noo kis roop vich grahin karadaa hai| ⁴⁵ saahitak banatar daa adhiain vishes itihaasak pahunch ton binaan saarathak ate baaharamukhee naheen hovegaa| is val mehatavapooran sanket karadaa hoeaa damitaree maarakov likhadaa hai| saahitak banatar noo savaipooran dtang vajon pes karanaa te usanoo manakhee bandh naal kise vee dtang naal jorr ke pes karanaa khud banatar de tat dee jaan doojee pranaalee de banataree ais vichaale sahee jorr dee viaakhiaa lee ik naakaafee gal hai tthes suhajaatamak nireekhan naal jurree ho ke ik nirantar itihaasak pahunch saahitak varataariaan de tulanaatamak adhiain lee bharoseyog aaranbhak nukate pradaan kar sakadee hai jo vichaaradhaarak vasatoo te kalaamee roop dohaan noo aapanee valagan vich lavegee |⁴⁶

eitihaasak pahunch jaan baaharamukhee drishattee vigiaanak adhiain prasatut kar sakadee hai kiaunk antaramukhee dristtee kade vee baaharamukhee yathaarath dee sanpooran vigiaanak ate sahee samajh dee usaaree naheen kar sakadee|⁴⁷

jamaatee samaaj vich bhaaroo vichaaradhaaraa haakam jamaat dee hundee hai jo prabhaavashaalee roop vich samaajak jeevan de har khetar vich mudaakhalat karake ik sedh pradaan karadee hai| saahit sirajanaa ate aalochanaa suchet kaaraj hon karake sirajanaatamak prakiriaa vichon guzaradaa hoeaa samaajak kadaraan keemataan dee lagaataar sathaapatee jaan visathaapatee karadaa hai| oparee najr maariaa jeevanakeemataan daa saar tat kinaa vee vichaaradhaaraa te rahit lage, parantoo vichaaradhaaraa naal antarasanbandhit hundaa hai| saahit sirajanaa ate sameekhiaa vich vichaaradhaaraa daa mehatavapooran rol hundaa hai| saahit ate aalochanaa de itihaas vich kalaa kalaa lee jaan kalaa vichaaradhaaraa ton rahit aadik dhaaranaavaan vee samen samen upajeea han je vishes vichaaradhaarak dristteekon dee sathaapatee hit varateean jaadeean raheean han| inhaan dhaaranaavaan ne saahit sirajanaa ate sameekhiaa noo aapane jamaatee hitaa dee kaaraja sidhee lee varatiaa hai| saahitak aalochanaa saahitak saahitak kirataa upar aalochak dee tteekaattapanee mulaakan, viaakhiaa, vishalesan jaan mahiz arathanikherriaan dee vidiaa hee naheen hundee sagon ik vichaaradhaarak kaaraj vee hundee hai| aalochanaa ate vichaaradhaaraa de sandarabh vich maarakasee chintak dee niman likhat dhaaranaa mehatavapooran hai, saahit aalochanaa siraf saahitak kirataa ate lekhakaan de adhiain ate mulaakan dee samasiaa maatar naheen | ih use tarhaan daa ik vichaaradhaarak masalaa hai jiven koee vee samasiaa aapane aakharee roop vich jeevan drishatteekon ate visv dristteekon anusaar virodhee vichaaradhaarak

dhiraan anusaar vaddee jaa sakadee hai| saahit adhiain vishalesn ate mulaankan deean ik samen bhaaroo vidheean nische hee us dauar vich bhaaroo vichaaradhaaraa daa hee pratibinb hundeean, han| saahit adhiain dee lagabhag har vidhee antim roop vich manakhee jeevan ate samaaj de kise naa kise jeevan chokhatte naal jurree hundee hai, jis karake aalochanaa pranaaleean daa prachalat ate unhaan de prachaar ate prasaar daa yatan vee kise naa kise jeevan drishatteekon jaan keemataa de chauakhatte de sathaapatee deean kosisaan naal jaa jurradaa hai| nateeje vajon ik aalochanaa vidhee daa prayog jaan usadee sathaapanaa daa yatan samaaj de prausaar vich chal rahee vichaaradhaarak larraaee daa ang ho nibarradaa hai| jadon koee aalochak saahitak kirat noo keval ik suhaj ikaaee sanrachanaa jaan roop vidhee keh ke usadaa adhiain karadaa hai jaan ajihee adhiain vidhee noo sathaapat karan lee yatanasheel hundaa hai taan keval uh ik aalochanaa pranaalee noo hee laagoo naheen kar rihaa hundaa sagon uh ik vises jeevanadristteekon ate jeevan keemataan noo apanaa ke unhaan naal sanbandhit vichaaradhaaraa daa pakh vee poor rihaa hundaa hai ate usadee sathaapatee daa saadhan vee banadaa hai| isade naal hee uh achet jaan suchet tauar te samaaj vich chal rahe vichaaradhaarak sangharas dee ik dhir vee ban jaandaa hai | iaun jithe ik paase saahit aalochan vichaaradhaarak masalaa ban jaandee hai, authe aalochak vichaaradhaarak sangharash daa ik mehatavapooran hisaa vee hai nibarradaa hai |⁴⁸

auparokat lame kathan ton vichaaradhaarak masale dee je sapashatt sodh miladee hai us anusaar suhaj vigiaan naal vichaaradhaaraa attatt roop vich jurree hundee hai| suhaj vigiaan ate vichaaradhaarak masale baare ik hor chintak vee manovigiaanak ansaan noo jorr ke visataar dindaa hai, asal vich vichaaradhaarak te manovigiaanak ansh suhajavigiaan de ik sujarrat bhaag han, kiaun jo ih manakh de sankalap naal attatt tauar te jurre hoe han| ik ajihe sankalap naal jis ton binhaan koee saahit bilakul hai hee naheen sakadaa |⁴⁹

jamaatee samaaj vich saahit dee vichaaradhaarak prateebadhataa dee kasauattee usadee jamaatee had dee nishaanadehee karadee hai| ajoke jamaatee samaaj vich vichaaradhaaraa daa saahit naal sanbandh ate saahitak alochanaa vich mehatavapooravale samiaan naalon bahut vadh mahisoos keetaa jaa rihaa hai| sirajanaatamak rachanaa vich vichaaradhaaraa jamaatee hathiaar banadee hai| kalaa jamaataa vichakaar vichaaradhaarak sangaraam daa ik mehatavapooran ang hai| ise kaaran aalochanaa vich vichaaradhaaraa sahije hee aa jaandee hai| saahit aapane aap vich vichaaradhaarak sangharas daa ik mehatavapooran ang hai| jisadaa samachaa rukh aapane anukool hee saahit aalochanaa de khetar vich vichaaradhaarak paintarraa siraj laindaa hai| ⁵⁰

saahitak kirat daa mulaakan karataa jaan aalochak je samaajak yathaarath jaan saahitak soch noo ughaarran daa yatan karadaa hai uh vee saahitakaar vaang samaaj daa ik ang hundaa hai jisadaa aapanaa ik drishatteekon vee hundaa hai| aalochak saahitak sach noo ughaarrade

samen siraf saahitakaar dee jamaatee pahunch, drishatteekon vichaaradhaaraa ate samaajak yathaarath noo hee ujaagar naheen karadaa sagon usadee aalochanaa daa aadhaar vee koee vichaaradhaaraa ate jeevan dristteekon hundaa hai jisade aasare uh saahit dee vasatoo noo vislest karadaa hai| is vichaaradhaaraa naal hee pes saahitak chitar aapane arath ate samaajak prasang grahin karadaa hai| ise karake aalochak dee mulaakan vidhee vichaaradhaarak aadhaar naal attatt sanbandh rakhadee hai| is aadhaar daa mehatav kaaraj daramiaan rahindaa hai|

saahit sirajanaa mantav rahit naheen ho sakadee | ih sirajanaa samaaj dee chintan saragaramee vajon aatamik sabhiaachaar daa vee ik pramakh ang hundee hai| saahit sirajanaa nirol suhajamee abhivianjan naheen sagon manorathabadh vee hundee hai| is manorath adheen saahit sirajanaa vichaaradhaaraa dee prateenidhataa karadee hoee usadaa prachaar karadee hai| parantoo ajihaa prachaar vee naheen jo sidharr ate sapaatt hove | isade baavajood vee prachaar de ansh hunde han| nateeje vajon saahit vichaaradhaaraa tahit ik mantav bharapoor kaaraj hai| jamaatee samaaj de aatamik sabhiaachaar vich ih tat saahit daa prayojan vee banadaa hai | isade naal sanbandhit masalaa saahitakaar dee sutantarataa daa masalaa vee hai| saahitakaar dee sutantarataa daa sankalap samaajak sutantarataa de sankalap ton vakharaa varataaraa naheen | saahit sameekhiak burajooaa jaan saadhan yukat jamaat de viakateegat sutantarataa de sankalap noo rad karake saahitakaar dee hakeekee sutantarataa noo samaajak prasang vich grahin karo| aalochanaa vich ih sankalap vigiaanak arathaan daa dhaaranee hee us samen banegaa jadon samaajak prasang vich saahitakaar noo samaaj daa ang manade hoe usadee kirat daa adhiain keetaa jaave| saahitakaar dee viakateegat sutantarataa samaaj ton baaharee naheen ho sakadee kiaunk saahitakaar ate saahit rachanaa koee samaaj baaharaa kaaraj naheen| is lee saahitak rachanaa de adhiain samen itihaasak soojh daa honaa zarooree hai| eis lee samaaj naal saahit de sanbandh noo samajhan lee samaaj naal rachanaakaar viakatee de tthos itihaasak sanbandhaa dee samajh aaveshak hai|⁵¹ ih tthos itihaasak sanbandh samaajak prasang hee hai jis vich saahitak kirat vichaaradhaarak arath grahin karadee hai| is lee saahitak kirat de adhiain samen buniaadee kasavattee samaajak paripekhataa hai jo vichaaradhaarak aadhaar pradaan karadee hai|

saahitak aalochanaa dee vigiaanakataa vich buniaadee prashan saahitak kirat pratee dristteekon daa hai| ih dristteekon vises samaajak itihaasak parisathiteean upar zor dindaa hai ki saahit aalochanaa daa paranparaa pratee kee najreea honaa chaaheedaa hai| saahit dee sirajanakaaree itihaasak vikaas de nemaan te aadhaarit hai taan nisache hee aalachanaa noo itihaasak nemaan ate yug deean parisathiteean ton munakar naheen honaa chaaheedaa| saahit aalochanaa dee kasavattee saahitak kirat noo us deean vises samaajak, raajaneetak aarathak ate sabhiaachaarak parisathiteean de paripekh vich vichaaranaa chaaheedaa hai| saahitak

rachanaa noo itihaas de us parraa dee samachataa vich rakh ke parakhanaa chaaheedaa hai jis parraa dee uh prateenidh tasaveer hai| samaaj shaasataree laavainthal daa vichaar hai, eih saahit de samaaj shaasataree dee zinmevaaree hai ki uh lekhak de kaalapanik paataraan de anubhav ate sathiteean daa sanbandh us itihaasak vaataavaran naal jorre jis ton uh le ge han| ⁵²

saahitak aalochanaa samen vishes vichaaradhaarak ate itihaasak muhaavare noo gairahaajar naheen keetaa jaa sakadaa| saahitak sach noo ujaagar karan lee muhaavare ton age jaan dee lorr vee hundee hai| is sanbandh vich pragatt vasatoo naniddesatt chhonattenatta ate lupat vasatoo lattenatt chhonattenatta dee dhaaranaa hor arath visataar karadee hai| kirat de pragatt arath ton aige usade lupat arathaan noo ujaagar karan naal aalochanaa saar garabhit arathaan vich vichaaradhaaraa noo visataaradee hai jisadaa samaajak ate saahitak mul vadhere mehatavapooran ban jaandaa hai| mulaakan de samen sameekhiak dee viakateegat jaan nijee dhaaranaavaan daa vasatoo ghattanaa, tath jaan sathitee ute aaropan naheen honaa chaaheedaa | usanoo usade vasatoogat roop vich hee adhiain daa vishaa banaaunaa chaaheedaa hai| ⁵³

auparokat vichaar vichaaradhaarak mehatataa daa dhaaranee hai kiaunk aalochak kise ghattanaa, sathitee tath jaan kirat daa adhiain karade samen is drishattee daa prayog kare ki vivechan vasatoo vich nihat asangatee jaan antar virodh noo pachhaaniaa jaa sake| aapane jeevant chintan de sandarabh vich visalesn karake kise sitte te puje bhaav vasatooparak drisattee zarooree hai| itihaasak vivek de naal chintan dee samachee vigiaanakataa ate kirat, saahitakaar ate kirat, saahitakaar ate yug dee samagarataa vich grahin karanaa vichaaradhaarak drishattee daa niramaan karanaa hai|

nirapakhataa, prateebandhataa jaan pakhapaat daa suaal saahit kalaa ate aalochanaa vich kalaa chintakaan ne lagaataar utthaaeaa hai| saahit ate aalochanaa daa subhaa mool roop vich samaajak aarathak banatar de subhaa de anukool hundaa hai| samaaj jis avasathaa de amal daa dhaaranee hovegaa saahit ate alochanaa usade anusaaree hee aapane aap noo vichaaraan daa vaahak banaaunee | jamaatee samaaj vich nirapakhataa daa sankalap mool roop vich haakam jamaat daa vichaar hai| jamaatee dhirabandee vich saahit ate aalochanaa vishes hitaa dee tarajamaanee karade han| aad kaaleen samaajak vivasathaa noo chhadd ke hun tak daa itihaas saisk ate saisit jamaat de sangharas daa itihaas hai| saahit hamesaa jamaatee prateebadhataa ton suhaj sirajadaa hai | ih prateebadhataa pratakh roop vich pragatt udon hundee hai jadon samaajak antar virodhataaeean teekhanataa farradeean han| is teekhanataa naal jamaatee khaasaa ate vichaaradhaarak sangharas tikhaa roop akhatiaar karadaa prateebadhataa pragattaaundaa hai jo saahit sirajanaa ate aalochanaa vich saragaram bhoomikaa nibhaaundaa hai|

vichaaraan ton binhaan kalaa sanbhav naheen| saahitakaar de vichaar hameshaa samaajak udesaan naal sanbandhit hunde han jo tthos samaajak skateean de hitaan naal pranaae hunde

han| aalochak adhiain de samen saahitak kirat de vichaaraan dee viaakhiaa karade samen, aunhaan aadarashaan ate mantavaan noo vislesn ate tarak raaheen saahamane liaaundaa hai jo kirat dee antaravasatoo vich lupat hai | is lupat vasatoo de arath hee samaajak asatitav noo pragattaaunde hoe usade jamaatee vichaaradhaarak, daarashanik khaase noo ughaarrade han| ajihe samen aalochak vichaar charachaa karadaa hoeaa vises vichaaradhaarak nazareea apanaaundaa hai| ih vichaaradhaarak najreea jithe saahitak arathaan noo paasaar dindaa hai uthe ih samaaj de andar chal rahe vichaaradhaarak sangharas daa mehatavapooran ang ban jaandaa hai jo samaaj de aatamik sabhiaachaar vich ddoonghaaee hee naheen liaaundaa sagon samaaj de andarale varataariaan noo adhiain raaheen sapastt vee karadaa hai|

eis tarhaan uparokat saahit aalochanaa ate vichaaradhaaraa daa sidhaantak sankalap aalochanaa adhiain pratee kee aadhaar prayaapat karadaa hai| is sidhaantak paripekh raaheen aseen panjaabee aalochanaa vich prachalat vibhin aalochanaa pranaaleean dee antaravasatoo drishatteekon, vichaaradhaarak drishattee noo samajh sakade haan| is naal aalochanaa daa samaajak rol ate jamaatee hitaa dee sookham antarasoojh vee ugharr ke saahamane aa sakadee hai| kiaunk aalochanaa mahij mulaankan naheen, hor samaajak amal vaang ik vivekasheel ate giaan mukh amal hai jisadaa samaaj de aatamik sabhiaachaar vich niranaaeik rol hundaa hai|

havaale ate ttipaneean

1. vee. kaile ate aim. kanvalazain itihaasak padaarathavaad samaaj te maarakasavaadee sidhaant kee rooparekhaa, panaa 303.

2. ravindar singh ravee vichaaradhaaraa ik itihaasak pravarag, panjaabee saahit daa vichaaradhaarak paripekh san. guracharan singh arasee, panaa 40.

3. vee. jee. avanaaseev, daarashanik giaan de mudtale niyam, panaa 67,

4 rr. khrapavin, aanhatt is dhialechattichal natterialisam, panaa 116.

5. audharit ttee. aar. vinod, panjaabee naaval daa sansakritik adhiain, panaa 17.

6. naran. onagelas, uan litteratture anad aratt. panaa 4.

7. vee. kaile ate aim. kevalajan itihaasak padaarathavaad samaaj ke maarakasavaadee 303.

8. kharal naran, fareddache, a chhonattaributtion tto ttehe chharittitue odd folittichal ochonome, panaa 2021.

9. kanvalajeet kauar, panjaabee naattak de vichaaradhaarak aadhaar, an prakaasat sandhaprabandh panaa 5.

10. jhorage larrain. chhonachepatt odd ideologe, panaa 11.

11. guracharan singh arashee, vichaaradhaaraa ate saahit panjaabee saahit daa vichaaradhaarak paripekh, panaa 28.

12 ravindar singh ravee, vichaaradhaaraa ik itihaasak pravarag panjaabee saahit daa vichaaradhaarak paripekh s. guracharan singh arasee, panaa 35.

13 aadhunik panjaabee kaavadhaaraavaan de richaaradhaaraaee aadhaar, panaa 26.

14. ravindar singh ravee vichaaradhaaraa ik itihaasak pravarag panjaabee saahit daa vichaaradhaarak paripekh guracharan singh arasee, panaa 39. sidhaant kee roop rekhaa, panaa 24748.

15. vee kail ate aim. kevaalajain, eitihaasak bhauatikavaad samaaj ke maarakasavaadee sidhaant kee roop rekhaa, panaa 24748

16. gh. ghalezerman anad khursanov, hisattorichal natterialisamabhasich farobalemas, panaa 258.

17. richharad. r. dhinion anad nurad shaiddulin od., panaa 206.

18. ravindar singh ravee, vichaaradhaaraa ik itihaasak pravarag panjaabee saahit daa vichaaradhaarak paripekh, panaa 46.

19. khar, naran. fareddache, a chhonattaributtion tto ttehe chharittitue odd folittichal ononome, panaa 21.

20. ravindar singh ravee, vichaaradhaaraa ik itihaasak pravarag panjaabee saahit daa vichaaradhaarak paripekh, panaa 43.

21. aiu. a. lukin, eedeologe anad aratt, naranisatt leninisatt aesattahettichas anad arattas, panaa 104.

22. vee. kaile ate aim. kevaalazen itihaasak padaarathavaad samaaj ke maarakasavaadee sidhaant kee rooparekhaa panaa 262

23. ravindar singh ravee vichaaradhaaraa ik itihaasak pravarag, panjaabee saahit daa vichaaradhaarak paripekh, panaa 57.

24. vee. beradev, aadhunik samen vich bhaaratee falasafaa, panaa 5.

25. kandalajeet kauar panjaabee naattak de vichaaradhaarak aadhaar anttaprakaasat sandhaprabandh, panaa 17.

26. kaaral maarakas, poonjee, khandda1, panaa 423.

27. ttairee eegalattan, maarakasavaadee saahitak aalochanaa, panaa 31.

28. dharbara shinagah, readinag chhaudaaelal, panaa 59.

29. kanvalajeet kauar panjaabee naattak de vichaaradhaarak aadhaar anaprakaashit sodhaprabandh, panaa 12.

30. avaner gis, dtoundattionas odd naranisatt aesattahettichas, panaa 30.

31. jugindar singh nahiroo, pragateevaad ate panjaabee naaval, panaa 56.

32. chhaharisattopaher chhaudaaelal, shattudies in a dheinag chhulatture, panaa 44.

33. atar singh, drishatteekon, panaa 70.

34. satindar singh, bhoomikaa, mith adhiain ate vaaraan bhaaee guradaas kulavant singha, panaa 10.

35. naran, onagales. uan litteratture anad aratt, panaa 22.

36. kalaa te samaajak jeevan, panaa 36.

37. karamajeet singh aadhunik panjaabee kaavadhaaraavaan de vichaaradhaaraaee aadhaar, panaa 4.

38. audharit, surajeet singh bhattee, chintanachetanaa, panaa 34.

39. damitaree maarakov, sansalisatt saahit vigaas deean samasiaavaan panaa 125.

40. avaner gis, tthehe dtoundattionas odd naranisatt aesattahettichas, panaa 15.

41. saahit vigiaan panaa 119.

42. a tthaheore odd litterare faroduchattion, panaa 7.

43. gh. lukachas, shattudies in ouropean realisam, 10.

44. rr. shahachaherabina, lenin anad farobalemas odd litteratture, panaa 98,

45. niramalaa jain, saahitay kaa samaajashaasataree chintan panaa 7.

46. saishalisatt saahit vigaas deean samasiaavaan, panaa 127.

47. ravindar singh ravee, pragateevaad te panjaabee saahit, panaa 12

48. ravindar singh ravee, amareekaa dee naveen aalochanaa pranaalee, panaa 11.

49. damitaree maarakov, sosalisatt saahit vigaas deean samasiaavaan, panaa 126.

50. ravindar singh ravee, amareekaa dee naveen aalochanaa pranaalee, panaa 12.

51. mainejar paanddey, saahitay ke samaajashaasatar dee bhoomikaa, panaa 13.

52. audharit, niramalaa jain saahitay kaa samaajashaasataree chintan, panaa 40.

53. shid kumaar misr, maarakasavaadee saahitay chintan, panaa 411.

panjaabee aalochanaa daa vichaaradhaarak vikaasapath

panjaabee aalochanaa de vichaaradhaarak vikaas noo uleekan ton pahilaan mukh samasiaa panjaabee aalochanaa de janam ate hond baare hai| panjaabee saahit ate aalochanaa de vidavaan is sanbandhee ik mauat naheen han| ise matabhed de kaaran panjaabee aalochanaa noo bahut saare vidavaan madhakaaleen saahit ton aaranbh hoeaa manade han ate guroo naanak dev jee noo pahilaan aalochak sathaapit kar dinde han| kujh vidavaan baavaa budh singh noo pahilaan aalochak manade han jisane saahit itihaas, saahit samagaree daa sankalan ate kaava kirataa noo sangrahit roop ditaa hai | kujh is ton vee agaanh sant singh sekhon noo pahilaa aalochak tasavar karade han ate saaree pooravalee aalochanaa noo aalochanaa hee naheen manade| ajihe vaad vivaad vich karanail singh thind daa vichaar hai|

panjaabee aalochanaa daa praaranbh ate hond baare de parasapar mauat paae jaande han| ik mauat ih hai ki guroo naanak dev panjaabee de pratham aalochak san ate unhaan duaaraa baabaa fareed de shalokaan ute keetee gee tteekaattapanee panjaabee de aalochanaa saahit dee pahilee vanagee see | doojaa mauat rakhan vaale, panjaabee vich kise nigar aalochanaatamak saahit dee had ton inakaaree han| aalochanaa de khetar vich aseen bahut lamee te ameer paranparaa de maalak haan, jaan saadde paas kujh vee naheen| is veg adheen saanoo panjaabee samaalochanaa daa itihaas jaan taan bahut ameer disadaa hai jaa fir ukaa hee nigoonaa nazar aaun lag jaandaa hai| vaasatav vich saahit sirajanaa vaang aalochanaa vee ik vikaasasheel amal hai| panjaabee vich isade roop noo pachhaan ke hee isadaa lekhaa jokhaa keetaa jaa sakadaa hai|¹

panjaabee aalochanaa de aaranbh ate hond baare ajihe vaadavivaad noo ik hor aalochak aapane shabadaan ch viakat karadaa hai ki, eik mat anusaar, baabaa fareed baanee upar guroo naanak dev jee dee keetee tteekaa ttipanee naal panjaabee aalochanaa daa aaranbh hundaa hai| is drishattee ton guroo naanak dev jee pahile aalochak mane ge| ise tarhaan kujh vidavaanaan ne kisiaan vich kisaakaaraan deean aapane baare jaan doosare kisaakaaraan baare miladeean ttipaneean noo ate kujh ne panjaabee vaaratak janam saakhee saahit, tteeke. gaisattaan

hukamanaamiaan te rahitanaamiaan aada noo panjaabee aalochanaa dee pratham vanagee saveekaar keetaa | inhaan dhaaranaavaan chon jo nukataa ubhar ke saahamane aaundaa hai uh ih hai ki panjaabee vich aalochanaatamak saahit dee ik lanbee te ameer paranparaa hai| par dooje paase kujh ajihe vidavaan vee han je panjaabee vich kise sanjeedaa te nigar aalochanaatamak saahit dee hond ton munakar han|²

panjaabee aalochanaa daa itihaas uleekan vaale vidavaan kise sidhaantak paripekh, vigiaanak drishatteekon ate vichaaradhaarak nazaree dee anahond de kaaran hee vakh vakh upabhaavak ate vaadavivaadee dhaaranaavaan prasatut karade han| ih vidavaan guroo kaveean deean kaavattapaneean ton aaranbh noo manan ate unhaan noo hee pratham aalochak sathaapat karan te aapanaa bal dinde han| haranaam singh saan anusaar, panjaabee vich parakhaparrachol daa janam pandaraveen sadee vich guroo naanak saahib de paravesh naal hee ho giaa see| unhaan ne aapane poorabakaalee te varatamaan panjaabee de aad kavee sekh fareed jee de kujh bachanaa te vichaaraan dee viaakhiaa jaan tteekaa ttipanee karake isadaa mudt banh ditaa|³ ise tarhaan madh kaaleen panjaabee saahit ton panjaabee aalochanaa daa mudt manan vaale vidavaanaan vich jeet singh seetal, ⁴ prem prakaash singh⁵ horeen aapaneean dhaaranaavaan sathaapat karade han| inhaan vidavaanaan ne aalochanaatamik ttipaneean noo hee panjaabee aalochanaa daa aaranbh man liaa| darasal saaddee saahitak sathitee ajihee rahee hai ki hun tak jiharraa koee jo kujh vee likhadaa hai lagabhag us sabh noo hee saahit man liaa jaandaa rihaa hai te jiharraa koee vee is sanbandhee je kujh vee kahindaa hai us noo aseen saahit aalochanaa daa naa de de rahe haan|⁶ ise karake ate nisachit drishattee dee anahond karake saadde vidavaan panjaabee aalochanaa daa aaranbh guroo naanak dev jee ton mith lainde han| bhaaratee paranparaa daa itihaas pratee nazareea is noo tarak sangat ate vivek pooran naheen banan dindaa| yathaarathabodh dee bhaaratee paranparaa pramakh roop vich vivekamee naa ho ke anubhavee onaperimenttala⁷ hai| is dhaaranaa de aadhaarit surajeet singh bhattee panjaabee aalochanaa dee anubhavee te sharadhaaloo biratee noo inhaan sbadaan ch ankit karadaa hai| is de nateeje vajon giaan khetar de vibhin varataariaan de vishalesn ate adhiain vich saadde kol taarakik ate vigiaanak dristteekott dee ghaatt rahee hai| iho hee kaaran hai ki panjaabee saahit dee aalochanaa daa itihaas likhan vaale vidavaanaan ne aapane visai vises dee seemaa, khetar, subhaa ate usadee vishes hond vidhee node odd onisattenache val dhiaan naa de diaan. is noo vee janamasaakheea varagee saradhaaloo paranparaa naal ralagadd karadiaan, panjaabee aalochanaa daa aad purakh vee baabe naanak noo hee banaa ditaa hai|⁸

panjaabee aalochanaa de khetar vich kujh aalochak aalochanaa de aagaman noo pachhamee saahit sabhiaachaar de prabhaav adheen manade hoe aalochanaa dee nigunee praapatee lee madhakaalee saahitak ttipaneean noo vee mehatav utanaa hee dinde han| panjaabee

aalochanaa daa aaranbh angarezee saamaraaj de aagaman ate pachhamee prabhaav de thale hoeaa manade han jo mukaabalatan itihaasak sach de vadhere nerre hon vaalaa mauat hai| parantoo panjaabee aalochanaa dee chhottee umar noo mauade najr rakhade hoe inhaan aalochakaa deea ttipaneean noo najr vich rakhanaa atee jrooree hai | ih parraa angarejee saamaraaj ton pahilaan daa mithiaa jaa sakadaa hai, jinhaan vich guroo naanak dev jee, guroo arajan dev jee, haafij barakhuradaar ahimad yaar aad han|⁹ panjaabee aalochanaa dee chhottee umar de kaaran upabhaavak drishattee ton ise noo panjaabee aalochanaa daa aad man lainaa tarak sangat naheen| kiaunk ih samacheean ttipaneean ton saahit de vises sidhaant ate dristtee dee koee ajihee hond sathaapat naheen hundee, jis ton koee visale san lee vichaaradhaarak pahunch vidhee dee pachhaan hundee hove| inhaan daa aadhaar anubhavee prasansaamee ate upabhaavakee hai| ajihee aalochanaa baare ih dhaaranaa saarathak jaapadee ihanaan kaavapankateean noo aalochanaa daa aaranbh mananaa kise vee tarhaan tarakasangat naheen par ihanaan de aalochanaatamak subhaa de nukate avash hee niradhaarit keete jaa sakade han |¹⁰

panjaabee aalochanaa daa asal aaranbh barataanavee saamaraaj de bhaarat vich aagaman ton aaranbh hundaa hai| panjaabee aalochanaa daa agalaa mehatavapooran parraa vaasatav vich angarezaan de panjaab vich aaun ton baad hee shuroo hundaa hai|¹¹ ise tarhaan daa vichaar ik hor aalochak daa vee hai ki, saahitak aalochanaa noo saahitak prabandh dee ik attatt te mehatavapooran ikaaee vajon pachhamee saahit te aalochanaa de prabhaav adheen hee jaaniaa te samajhiaa jaan lagaa | is lee panjaabee aalochanaa daa mudt subhaavik ate nirantar samaajik vikaas dee saaveen ter vich bajhan dee thaan barataanavee saamaraaj de tikhe prabhaav adheen hoeaa| ¹² ajihe prabhaav adheen aalochanaa aapane vichaaradhaarak paripekh naal saahamane aaundee hai| bhaaven aapane vichaaradhaarak aadhaaraa ton ih aalochanaa pooran bhaant suchet naheen, par is aaranbh ton panjaabee aalochanaa daa vichaaradhaarak uh dauar aaranbh hundaa hai jithon aalochanaa dee hond ate aaranbh dee aadhaarashilaa mithee jaa sakadee hai| aalochanaa aaranbh noo mithade hoe panjaabee saahit daa pahilaan aalochak baavaa budh singh mith sakade haan. jisane pahilee vaar saahit samagaree daa sankalan, saahit itihaas, khoj ate saahit pratee aapaneea aalochanaatamak ttipaneean pes keeteean han| sant singh sekhon de shabadaan vich baavaa singh, panjaabee sameekhiaa daa prathamakaar hai|¹³ ise tarhaan haribhajan singh bhaatteea de shabadaan vich, saahit khoj ate adhiain de prakaaraj noo suchet padhar upar aapanee saadhanaa daa vasatoo banaaun vaalaa pratham adhietaa baavaa budh singh hai|¹⁴ surajeet singh bhattee de vichaar anusaar, panjaabee saahit de itihaas noo pahilee vaar tarateebabadh roop vich likhan de mudtale yatan daa maan baavaa budh singh jee noo jaandaa hai|¹⁵ haribhajan singh

vee panjaabee aalochanaatamak sansakaar daa aaranbh iho manadaa hai|¹⁶ ise tarhaa sutindar singh, ¹⁷ mahindar paal kohalee,¹⁸ manajeet singh¹⁹ ate sindarapaal singh²⁰ aadik saahit adhietaa baavaa budh singh ton panjaabee aalochanaa daa aaranbh itihaasak roop ch pravaan karade han| panjaabee aalochanaa khetar vich baavaa budh singh pahilaa saahit khojee, adhiain karataa hai| us ton pahilaan panjaabee saahit de aalochanaatamak vivek ate chetanaa dee anahond see| iko samen baavaa budh singh ne saahitak khoj, ttipaneean aad naal samachataa vich panjaabee saahit noo saahamane liaandaa | is kaal vich saahit aalochanaa saahit sidhaant, saahit itihaas ate saahit khoj de adde addare, nikharrave khetaraa ate reeteea dee pachhaan naheen hoee, eise karake baavaa budh singh de kaaraj vich ih anushaasan misrat avasathaa vich han|²¹

baavaa budh singh deean aalochanaa pusatakaan hans chog, koeil koo, banbeehaa bol ate prem kahaanee dee rachanaa raaheen aalochanaa dee mudtalee pachhaan sathaapat hundee hai| inhaan duaaraa usane aapane puraane virase noo sanbhaalan daa mehatavapooran kaaraj ate saahitak rachanaavaan noo saahit premeean lee ikatthiaan karake pradaan keetaa hai | baavaa budh singh daa vadhere zor saahitak bhanddaar noo ikatthiaa karan upar see | haribhajan singh anusaar, baavaa budh singh panjaabee saahit bhanddaar noo ik thaan ikatthaa karan de aahar vich see|²² saahitak virase noo sanbhaalan de naal naal usane jeevanee moolak viaakhiaa vee keetee| baavaa budh singh jeevan de vichon sanbandhee veraviaan noo chunake fir saahitak rachanaa dee prabhaavamee viaakhiaa karadaa hai| hans chog pusatak vich uh guroo saahibaanaan de veraviaan noo janam saakheean praapat karake fir gurabaanee de saral arathee saar noo viakat karadaa hai| usadaa adhiain kaaraj suchet roop vich sidhaantarahit see jis karake uh khaas adhiain drisattee noo grahin keetiaan saahit noo prabhaavaatamak ate prasansaamee nazaree ton dekhadaa rihaa hai| ise karake usadaa adhiain kaaraj aapanee vishes pachhaan vichaaradhaarak tauar te sathaapat naheen kar sakiaa| bhaaven vichaaradhaarak tauar te uh aadarasvaadee hai parantoo pooran bhaant ch uh is pakhon achet hai| ise karake ik aalochak ne baavaa budh singh ton sant singh sekhon dee aalochanaa tak dee aalochanaa praviratee noo achet vichaaradhaarak pahunch daa dauar²³ dee aalochanaa kihaa hai|

baavaa budh singh dee aalochanaa aadarashavaadee dristteekon de karake yathaarathak roop vich kise vee saahitak sach noo grahin karan ton vaanjhee rahee hai, eise karake tarakamee ate vivekapooran naheen ban sakee| uh saahit de ahim tataan daa galapeekaran kar dindee hai| misaal vaje, khiaal taan saanoo kudarat de samen de baazaar ton mile par soch dee ttakasaal vich kiharree masheen e jo is khiaal noo acharaj saache vich dtaal dindee e | ih maseen rabee daat e| ik kavee aapanee maan de pett vichon ee uchee soch noo lai ke jamadaa

e | haan baaharale tajarabe te zaaharaa vikhaave de naal vee sach vadhadee e te us noo rabee rachanaa vekh vekh rang charrhadaa e| hun koee puchhe jee ih soch kee balaa e eih kis tarhaa dee masheen e ki jis vich khiaal jaa ke jad baahar nikaladaa e taan us noo manakhee tajarabe te zaaharaa vikhaave daa ik niaaraa ee rang charriaa hundaa e | kul tajarabe te rachanaa de darasnaa de nakas saadde dimaag vich band hunde han| ²⁴

auparokat kathan khiaal noo rabee daat manadaa hai ate uchee soch noo jamaandaroo keh ke sapashatt roop vich aadarasvaadee dristtee ton saahitak tat dee viaakhiaa karadaa hai| ajihe kathanaan dee baavaa budh singh dee aalochanaa vich bharamaar hai jinhaan de aadhaar te usadee aadarasvaadee vichaaradhaaraa de pahiloo niradhaarit keete jaa sakade han| usadaa adhiain sidhaantak vichaaradhaarak ate kise vidhee dee suchet varaton dee gavaahee naheen bharadaa| usane uradoo faarasee ate bhaarat kaavasaasatar de alankaar sanparadaae aad ton aapanee antar dristtee paidaa karake jiaadaa maanasik pratikaram hee prasatut keete han| is antaramukhataa ikapaasarr te petalee pahunch de kaaran hee haribhajan singh is noo potalaa jihaa saar tat ²⁵ kahindaa hai| petalaa saar tat usade prabhaavavaadee hon kaaran utapan hundaa hai| is prasang vich uh kavitaa de samaaj ute prabhaav noo inhaan sataraan raaheen darasaaundaa hai| es de ulatt buree kavitaa sosaaeittee te buraa asar karadee e| isakeea baintabaazee aaualarr tabeeataan te piaar bhare kise kahaaneea anajaan reebharooaan te nadteean te jhir daa asar karadeean han| kavitaa aapanaa jaaharaa asar jhatt kar jaandee e| is karake pauarre parrhe te ghott samajh vaaliaan de hath kise kahaaneean naheen dene chaaheede|²⁶

vihaarak adhiain karadiaan hoeaan baavaa budh singh itihaasak saar te tathaan noo upabhaavakataa dee had tak pesh kar jaandaa hai|

heer raajhe de kise vich raanjhaa dtilarr see, ethe saahibaa, haan je kadee heer te miraje dee jorree hundee taan lokee ishak te bahaadaree daa samaan kadee naa bhulade te jang noo pataa lag jaandaa ki dharrale daa isk kee hundaa e ²⁷

eis tarhaan baavaa budh singh daa adhiain kaaraj samache roop vich aadarashavaadee hai jis vich baaharamukhee ate vigiaanak chintan dee anahond hai| is de baavajood vichaaradhaarak aalochanaa daa praaranbh ethon hee hundaa hai | iho vichaaradhaaraa sirajanaatamak roop vich vee saahamane aaundee hai| is mudtale dauar dee panjaabee aalochanaa de vichaaradhaarak khaase daa jikar karadiaan ik chintak daa vichaar hai ki panjaabee aalochanaa de mudtale roop daa aaranbh is sadee de pahile dahaakiaan ton pachhamee saahit vises karake angarezee saahit de prabhaav adheen mukh tauar te shiree madhasrenee raaheen hoeaa| nateeje vajon. is jamaat deean itihaasak seemaavaan bhaaran inhaan dee saahit aalochanaa daa mool aadhaar ate subhaa aadarasvaadee ate rumaanchak hee hai|²⁸

baavaa budh singh dee aalochanaa ton baad vich radhaarak vikaas rukh adheen

agalaa aalochak prinseepal tejaa singh hai| usadeean de pusatakaan saahit darashan ate panjaabee kiven likhee ton bareer bahut saare saahitakaaraan deean pusatakaan deean bhoomikaavaan praapat han | us ne saahit premeean vich dilachasapee vadhaaunee ate naven saahitakaaraan noo halaasheree de ke is kaaraj val ruchit keetaa| uh aapane aap noo aalochak ghatt ate chaakhaa vadhere samajhadaa see | ihee kaaran hai ki usadee aalochanaa vich halaasheree ate thaapanaa dee sur vadhere pramakh see ate aalochanaatamak dee thaan, ausadee pahunch prasansaatamak vadhere see|²⁹ darasal prin. tejaa singh dee aalochanaa panjaabee saahit de pachharreven noo door karan dee suhirad bhaavanaa chon upajee hai | is ton binaa tejaa singh dee aalochanaa aalochanaatamak muhaavare vaalee zaroor hai bhaaven kise sidhaantak drishattee dee suchet varaton naheen hai| unhaan daa adhiain saahit saasataree naheen see | parantoo saahit ate asaahit dee buniaadee pachhaan ton jroor vaakar see | saahit niree tukabandee jaan likhatee cheej noo naheen kahinde| koskaaree vigiaan, bhoogol, hisaab, dhaaramik nirane jaan puleetteekal prachaar deean kitaabaan saahit vich naheen gineean jaandeean |³⁰ is tarhaan saahit dee vichaaradhaarak drishattee de pramaan chinh jaan saahit sidhaant dee saasataree pahunch praapat naheen hundee parantoo asaahit dee pachhaan zaroor hundee hai| asaahit dee pachhaan vee saahit dee pachhaan noo niradhaarit karan daa mehatavapooran pahiloo hai| is de tanaa ne panjaabee sameekhiaa vich ik navaan vichaar sathaapat karanaa suroo kar ditaa see| is baare ik aalochak daa vichaar ulekhayog hai|

prin tejaa singh de kaaraj vich saahit sanbandhee sanghanaa ate taarakik adhiain praapat naheen par us de saahit sidhaant prat suchet hon baare sandeh naheen keetaa jaa sakadaa| ³¹

prinseepal tejaa singh dee aalochanaa daa sidhaantak ate vichaaradhaarak adhiain keetiaa ih sapashatt ho jaandaa hai ki dristtee pekhon ih aalochanaa aadarasvaadee kadaraan keemataan upar ttikee hoee hai| is daa prabhaavavaadee ate prasansaamee pragattaa ise dhaaranaa noo prapok karadaa hai ki ih aalochanaa aapane aap noo vichaaradhaarak sangharas daa masalaa naheen banaaundee| ih aapane pasand deean kaav ttookaan noo varat ke hee saahit aalochanaa de ganbheer ate jattil kaaraj noo sidhaantak ate vichaaradhaarak pakhon satahee padhar daa adhiain maatar hee samajhadee hai| mahindar paal kohalee de sbadaan vich, ausadee aalochanaa prabhaavamee hai| uh lekhak deean rachanaavaan samachataa ch laindaa hai ate kujh ik kavitaavaan te aapaneean ttipaneean dindaa hai. ise aadhaar te lekhak de gun ate kamazoreean noo pragattaaundaa hai| ³²

eiaun prinseepal tejaa singh prabhaavavaadee ate prasansaamee niraniaa upar, aapane antim roop vich aadarashavaadee vichaaradhaaraa daa pakh pooradaa hai| is aalochanaa daa vikaas tath roop vich baavaa budh singh naalon siraf samakaalee saahit ate saahitakaaraan val

jiaadaa dhiaan den³³ kaaran hai| ih aadhunik saahit de antareevee arathaan noo yathaarathak drishattee ton grahin naheen kar sakee, jis naal aalochanaa daa muhaavaraa ate vichaaradhaarak roop uhee aadarashavaadee leehaan te chaladaa rihaa|

eis uparant pro pooran singh dee aalochanaa saahamane aaundee hai| uh mukh roop vich anubhavee viakatee see, jis de chintan vich pachhamee saahit darashan, dharam chintan de ans mauajood san| pro pooran singh dee aalochanaa de vichaar, tthehe shapiritt odd uarienttal foettare. ton binaan, khulhe lekh pusatak vich kavitaa, kavee daa dil ate panjaabee saahit pur kattaakhay aad han jinhaan de aadhaar te usade kaavasidhaant daa adhiain keetaa jaa sakadaa hai| usadee drishattee vich rehasavaadee ate rumaansavaadee tat dee bharamaarataa hai| uh kavitaa noo daivee ate rabee saia manadaa hai|

kavitaa siraf andar dee aavasathaa daa naan hai| vich dhureebaanee aapamuhaaree rom rom vich paroee boladee hai | iaun aseen aapanee bolee vich kuchh das sakade haan ki kavitaa rabee charatar hai, eih rab hon daa ik savaad hai|³⁴

eis ton binaan piaar vich mee bandiaan de mitthe bachan kavitaa han|³⁵ jaan kavee taan door pahunchee rab dee karaamaat hai| uh taan kudarat daa krishamaa hai|³⁶ aadik kathan usade rumaanttik, aadarashavaadee ate adhiaatamak hon dee ravaahee bharade han | pro pooran singh tthehe shapiritt odd chharienttal foettare ate kee hor thaavaan unhaan hee kaveean noo saarathak samajhadaa hai jiharre adhiaatamak ate rabee anubhav naal pahunche hoe han| ise karake uh panjaabee saahit dee mahaanataa vee guroobaanee kaaran saveekaar karadaa hai| pro. pooran singh de saahit chintan baare ik vidavaan daa kathan hai ki, kul milaa ke usadaa kaava sidhaant rumaanttik aadarashavaadee adhiaatamak prabhaavavaadee prasansaatamak ate tulanaatamak vidhee dee sathaapanaa karadaa hai|³⁷

auparokat adhiain ton ih dhaaranaa sathaapat hundee hai ki pro. pooran singh dee aalochanaa vich iko samen adhiaatamak aadarashavaadee ate rumaanttik tat haazar rahinde han jis naal is aalochanaa daa vichaaradhaarak najareea vigiaanak naa banan dee bajaae misrat roop ch pragatt ho ke antam tauar te aadarashavaadee dristtee daa dhaaranee ho jaandaa hai jis naal panjaabee aalochanaa dee vakharee nuhaar sathaapat naheen hundee kiaunk pro. pooran singh aalochanaa noo ik niyam badh, baaharamukhee roop pradaan naheen kar sakiaa|

einhaan viakateegat aalochanaa de yatanaa ton baad panjaabee vich saahit itihaas lekhak daa dauar aaundaa hai jis ne panjaabee aalochanaa dee samagaree noo visatrit keetaa| is dauar vich mohan singh deevaanaa, gopaal singh daradee, surindar singh kohalee ate baad vich jaa ke kirapaal singh kasel, paramindar singh aad noo giniaa jaa sakadaa hai| mohan singh deevaanaa ne panjaabee saahit daa itihaas, soofeea daa kalaama bulhe shaah aadik pusatakaan raaheen itihaasak dristteekon ton kee naven aadhaar saahamane

liaade | usane a hisattore odd funjab litteratture vich puraane saahit dee khoj karake kee naven tath ujaagar keete| usadaa itihaasak drishatteekon enaa mehatavapooran jaroor hai ki panjaabee saahit dee kaalakramak vandd raaheen kaavadhaaraavaan noo vandd ke adhiain yog banaaeaa| usane pahilee vaar panjaabee saahit de samache itihaas noo ik baaharamukhee kaalavandd de adheen prasatut daa yatan keetaa| ³⁸

mohan singh deevaanaa dee adhiain vidhee vee misharat roop vich saahamane aaundee hai | uh saahit noo samajhan de lee bahut saare ajihe saahit baaharee veraviaan noo nischit karadaa hai ki sirajanaa daa aapanaa subhaa ate hondavidhee asaposatt hee rahindee hai| uh saahitakaar dee yug keemat, sathaan keemat, niradeshak keemat, samaajak prabhaav aad noo pahilaan nishachit karake us anusaar adhiain karadaa hai| us dee aalochanaa vich prabhaavavaadee tataan dee pusattee bahut thaavaan te ho jaandee hai| aapane adhiain kaaraj de antaragat uh saahit noo vichaaradhaarak roop vich grahin naheen karadaa | saahit noo prabhaavee dtang naal pes karadiaa hoeaa yathaarathak dristtee ton vidheevihoonaa adhiain pes karadaa hai | us dee ajihee misrat ate sanyukat adhiain dristtee noo ik aalochak ne iaun viakat keetaa hai| aadhunik panjaabee kavitaa ate jatindar saahit sarovar naamee pusatakaan jeevaneemulak ate prabhaav moolak adhiain vidheean de milareete dee changee misaal han| uhadee nazar kavitaa dee bajaae kavee ate kavee dee bajaae uhadee parivaarak sathitee te prabhaavak samakaaleean upar ttikee rahindee hai|⁴⁰

mohan singh deevaanaa naal panjaabee saahit daa adhiain kee pakhaa ton vikaas val chaladaa hai| is naal lekhakaan daa pichhekarr, jeevan anubhav parisathiteean ate rachanaa kaal sanbandhee tath moolak verave aad giaan val vadhadaa hai| is aalochanaa daa gheraa rachanaa ton baaharee hor ajihe veraviaan naal sanbandhit ho ke is tarattee daa shikaar ho jaandaa hai ki rachanaa daa itihaasak mehatav ate us dee vasatoo daa andaralaa vichaaradhaarak saar tat upekhiat reh jaandaa hai| is aalochanaa daa vichaaradhaarak pakh achet hon kaaran hee aalochanaa kise vivekaseel sanjam dee dhaaranee naheen banadee ate rachanaavaan de saahitak chitar jaan andaroonee bhaav saar noo ujaagar karan ton asamarath ho jaandee hai | is tarhaan mohan singh deevaanaa sahije hee aalochanaa dee ganbheer te jattil prakritee noo samajhane khunjh jaandaa hai| uh saahit rachanaavaan de arathaan noo nikhaaran, aunhaan dee vidhee moolak adhiain karan dee bajaae kavee de jeevan, rachanaa de udabhav de kaaranaan ate rachanaa prabhaavaan dee peshakaaree vich magan ho ke aalochanaa dee khud mukhataar hond de sidhaant dee avahelanaa kar jaandaa hai | ⁴¹

eis uparant saahit itihaas lekhan paranparaa raaheen gopaal singh daradee, panjaabee saahit daa itihaas, romaanchik panjaabee kavee saahit dee parakh aadhunik panjaabee saahit de jhukaa aadik pusatakaan raaheen aalochanaatamak biratee daa pramaan dindaa hai| gopaal singh daradee dee aalochanaa iko samen saahit sidhaant, eitihaas ate adhiain ton suchet hai|

panjaabee kaav de varageekaran val pahilaa kadam ddaa. gupaal singh daradee ne puttiaa| uh roop te vasatoo de pakh ton panjaabee kavitaa de varag banaaundaa hai| ithe pahilee ver kaav roop baare kujh chetanaa daa mudt bajhadaa hai| ih varageekaran kise pramaanik sidhaant dee sathaapanaa taan naheen karadaa, eis khetar vich paidaa ho rahee chetanaa daa lakhaaeik zaroor hai| ⁴² is varageekaran noo uh vigiaanak chintan raaheen prasatut naheen karadaa ate naa hee us kol koee tarakasangat vichaaradhaarak drishattee hai, jis ton uh saahit daa vigiaanak adhiain pesh kar sake | ise karake uh kavitaa noo beer ras kavitaa soofee kavitaa, sikh kavitaa aad de siralekhaan raaheen vichaaradaa hai|

gopaal singh daradee dee aalochanaa drishattee aadarasvaadee chintan naal sanbandhit hai | uh kujh vee yathaarathak roop vich grahin karan dee bajaae aadarask ate anubhavee roop ch grahin karadaa hai ate pragattaa samen kaavik biratee daa ho jaandaa hai| udaaharan vaje uh kavitaa baare charachaa karadiaan likhadaa hai| jazabaa saahit de hor angaan vich vee hundaa hai, par enaa naheen, jinaa kavitaa vich uchhal uchhal paindaa vilakadaa| man uddaaree daa prakaash hee saahit daa baakee saaraa khilaaraa vee hai, par kavitaa vaang ih uddaaree, authe inee uddaaroo hath vich farree naa jaa sakan vaalee, trel maneean vaang jaan badal dee chhaaun vaang, jaa sugandhee dee dhukhanee khilaranee vaang, chhaaee maaeen jahee naheen hundee |⁴³

eih aalochanaa sankalap rahit hai jisadaa vivek aadarashak hai| lekhak jazabe noo kaavimee sailee raaheen viakat karake hee aapane kaaraj ton mukat ho jaandaa hai | panjaabee aalochanaa de vikaas vich usadaa yogadaan avas hai| par ih saahit de unhaan arathaan tak seemit hai jo saahit itihaas ate saahit sanketaan dee alap soojh noo viakat karadaa hai | usadaa chintan tarakaseel naa ho ke anubhavee hee rahindaa hai| is aalochanaa baare ik aalochak daa kathan hai ki, kaav dee hondavidhee sanbandhee saadde aalochak noo sapashatt chetanaa naheen | saaree sameekhiaa vich us dee dristtee aalochanaatamak naheen prasnsaatamak hai | uh kaav daa vislesn naheen karadaa |⁴⁴

eis tarhaan ih samachee aalochanaa saahit dee aadarashavaadee rekhaa noo ulangh naa sakee| ih saahit dee asal vasatoo ate usadee vichaaradhaarak pahunch daa koee saarathak adhiain jaan visalesn naa kar sakee| is aalochanaa praviratee deean aapaneean jamaatee ate itihaasak seemaavaan san jis karake aalochanaa noo koee giaan dee sutantar hond pradaan karake usanoo vichaaradhaarak masaliaan naal jorr naa sakee| sant singh sekhon tak dee ih aalochanaa mool roop vich paranparaavaadee adhiaapakaa raaheen keetee aalochanaa naa taa giaan dee koee sutantar saakhaa hai ate naa hee suchet roop vich koee vichaaradhaarak masalaa | ⁴⁵

panjaabee aalochanaa noo vichaaradhaarak roop vich suchet tauar te pahilee vaar sant singh sekhon ne prasatut keetaa| is ton pahilaan dee saaree aalochanaa noo prabhaavavaadee prasansaamee ate vishes tauar te aadarasvaadee vichaaradhaaraa vaalee aalochanaa kihaa jaa sakadaa hai| jasabeer

singh aahaloovaaleea de shabadaa vich pragateevaadee dhaaraa ton pahilaan dee panjaabee aalochanaa kise sankalapaatamak pranaalee te aadhaarit naheen see | is lee ih prabhaavavaadee kisam dee hee hai sakadee see| ⁴⁶

taralok singh kanvar de shabadaan vich kul milaa ke ih vidavaan panjaabee saahit dee sameekhiaa saahitak drisattee ton naheen sagon hor saahit baaharee dilachasapeea de aadhaar ute karade rahe han| asal vich is peerrhee tak panjaabee sameekhiaa paas saahit dee koee nishachit paribhaasaa hee mauajood naheen see | ⁴⁷

surajeet singh bhattee is noo iaun pusatut karadaa hai 1940 eesavee de samen vich, panjaabee aalochanaa mukh roop vich aalochakaa de niral maanasik pratikaramaa antaramukhataa ulaar ate ik paasarr bhaav poorat ukateean teek hee seemit see | is paranparaa kol saahit noo samajhan dee koee vishes vidhee, prateemaan ate vishav dristteekon naheen see| ih aalochanaa aapane subhaa vich prabhaavavaadee ate aapane dristteekon vich aadarasvaadee hee see| ⁴⁸

jithon tak aalochanaa de vishes giaan anusaasan te itihaasak amal daa suaal hai, authe bilakul sapasatt hai ki ih aalochanaa anubhavee kisam dee hai jisadaa suchet taa naheen parantoo achet tauar te sidhaatamak aadhaar aadarasavaadee hai jis vich rehasavaad adhiaatamavaad, rumaansavaad prabhaavavaad aad de tat shaamal han| parantoo kee aalochak is noo aalochanaa hee naheen manade je tarakasangat vichaar naheen kiaunk is vich aalochanaatamak chintan de pachhaan chinh han bhaave ih ik prateebadhataa ate sapastt sidhaantak dristteekon lai ke naheen chaladee| tejavant singh gil daa vichaar is prasang vich bahutaa tarakasangat naheen darasal sekhonaalochanaa de aagaman ton pahilaan dee panjaabee aalochanaa jisanoo aalochanaa kahinaa vee saaeid uchit naheen hovegaa vich madhakaalee sur vaale aradh aalochanaatamak prabhaavaan dee bharamaar see|⁴⁹

so is tarhaan uparokat vichaaraan dee rosanee vich poorav sekhon kaal dee aalochanaa noo ik vivasathaa jaan vidheegat aalochanaa naheen kihaa jaa sakadaa aalochakaan dee drisattee bhaaven aadarashavaadee chintan dee dhaaranee hai ate aalochanaa daa muhaandaraa prabhaavee prasansaatamak ate maanasik pratikaramaan vaalaa hai| is samen dee aalochanaa vises roop ch sidhaatak ate vichaaradhaarak muhaandaraa gharran ton asamarath rahee hai| ise karake antim roop vich ih kaavik biratee vaalee ho nibarree| is ne naa hee aalochanaa varage ganbheer sankalap noo sutantar roop pradaan keetaa ate naa hee aalochanaa vich ajihee paranparaa noo janam ditaa jaa sakiaa jis naal saahit de vichaaradhaarak ate kaavashaasataree paripekh sathaapat ho sakade | enaa mehatavapooran zaroor hai ki aalochanaatamak vivek paidaa karake aaun vaale saahit ate aalochanaa pratee bhoomee jroor tiaar kar ditee|

panjaabee aalochanaa de itihaas vich sant singh sekhon dee aalochanaa naal pahilee

vaar aadhunik panjaabee aalochanaa daa muhaadaraa sathaapit hundaa hai jadon panjaabee aalochanaa vishes sidhaant bandh, baaharamukhee ate suchet vichaaradhaarak amal daa saroop grahin karadee hai |⁵⁰ sant singh sekhon dee aalochanaa naal panjaabee aalochanaa daa vichaaradhaarak paripekh ate vikaas suchet roop vich hundaa hai| aajaadee dee larraaee de samen lokahitaa daa ubhaar 1917 daa roosee inakalaab, bhaarat vich 1930 ton baad chaualee pragateevaadee saahitak lahir naal saahitak drishatteekon vich bhaaree parivaratan aaeaa| aazaadee de muhaaj raaheen ubhare lok hit de paintarre ate maarakasavaadee drishatteekon de praves naal samache vaataavaran vaang aalochanaa de khetar vich vee pragateevaadee maarakasavaadee aalochanaa daa mudt bajhadaa hai|⁵¹ eis aalochanaa daa mudt banan vaaliaan vich pahilaan hasataakhar sant singh sekhon hai| panjaabee de takareeban saare aalochak ate chintak binaan kise vaada vivaad de panjaabee maarakasavaadee aalochanaa daa modtee, sant singh sekhon noo hee saveekaar karade han|⁵²

panjaabee aalochanaa daa pahilaan pramaanik aalochak sant singh sekhon aapanee poorabalee aalochanaa je prabhaavavaadee, maanasik pratikaramaa, rumaanttik, dhaaramak, saadhaaran vivek ate aapane antam roop vich aadarashavaadee see, naal sidhaantak ate vichaaradhaarak nikherr sathaapat karake chaladaa hai| pahilee vaar aalochanaa noo vishes giaan tahit sidhaantak soojh pradaan karan de naal saahit noo ganbheer jattil ate davandaatamak premaan anusaar samajhan daa yatan aaranbh hoeaa| ih aalochanaa sidhaantak tauar te maarakasavaadee sidhaant ton prerit ho ke pragateevaadee saahit sidhaant ate aalochanaa dee sathaapanaa karadee hai| ih aalochanaa sidhaantak ate vihaarak dohaan roopaan vich saahit noo itihaasak ate samaajak anubhav saar de anukool samajhadee hai| sekhon aalochanaa ne pahilee vaar kaav dee hadavidhee uhadaa subhaa ate prakaaraj noo nikherr ke saahamane liaandaa | sidhaant bandh aalochanaa de naal vihaarak roop vich kee ajiheean samasiaavaan daa samaadhaan keetaa ki saahitak kirataan noo vigiaanak vislesn praapat honaa aaranbh hoeaa| saahit de baaharamukhee adhiain dee sathaapanaa usadee vihaarak aalochanaa vichon praapat hundee hai| us dee aalochanaa daa sidhaant ate vihaar kis tarhaan daa hai, eih vakharaa prashan hai| parantoo ih sapostt hai ki usadee aalochanaa noo sahije hee maarakasavaad virodhee vee ih mananon naheen jhijakade ki darasal sekhon pahilaan sameekhiak hai jo suchet padhar upar saahit sameekhiaa noo taarakik te vigiaanak aadhaar pradaan karadaa hai|⁵³ sekhon aalochanaa daa vichaaradhaarak pachhaan chinh shrenee sangharas jadojahid, aarathik raajaneetak paripekh, einakalaab aadik chon ubharadaa hai| uh saahit adhiain noo vishesataa is pakhon dindaa hoeaa samaajak mehatav pradaan karadaa hai | us de aapane sbadaan vich. saahit vee use prakaar daa ik samaajak karam hai jis prakaar daa koee hor kirat kirasaanee jaa kaareegaree| is daa karatav samaajak kaliaan samaaj dee usaaree vich bhaag paanaa te naveen pradhaan ho rahee srenee kiratee srenee dee pratinidhataa

karanaa hai |⁵⁴

eis tarhaan sekhon aalochanaa pahilee vaar saahit de samaajak karam de naal raajasee sandarabh ujaagar karadee hai| raajaneetak jinmevaaree dee chetanataa ton suchet sekhon likhadaa hai| sapashatt sbadaan vich saahit dee vaddee zinmevaaree raajasee hai jiharraa saahit, kise bahaane vee kiaun naa hove. samen dee raajasee sathitee ton anajaan jaa gaavil hai, auh aapanee samaajik zinmevaaree noo naheen nibhaa rihaa hundaa| ⁵⁵

eis tarhaan sant singh sekhon saahit dee prakiratee saahit daa prayojan ate hor sidhaantak masaliaan sanbandhee maarakasavaadee vichaaradhaarak paripekh vich charachaa aaranbhadaa hai| us ne saahitiaarath panjaabee kaav shiromanee bhaaee veer singh te unhaan daa yog bhaaee guradaas sameekhiaa pranaaleea, kahaanee shaasatar te hor sanpaadit pusatakaan ate vikolatare nibandhaa raaheen panjaabee aalochanaa noo vichaaradhaarak vikaas pradaan keetaa| us deean aapaneea bahut thaavaan te dhaaranaavaan savaivirodhee sidharr maarakasee ate maarakasavaad virodhee vee han| saahit aalochanaa de sandarabh vich sant singh sekhon dee pahunch maarakasee suhaj saasataree vigiaanak te davandaatamakataa dee prakiratee vaalee naa ho ke arath saasataree pahunch vaalee hai| uh saahit noo aarathikataa de prizam raaheen dekhadaa hai| parantoo is de baavajood vee usadee vichaaradhaarak dristtee ton keetee gee aalochanaa aj tak kise naa kise roop ch prachalat reh ke vigiaanakataa val vadh rahee hai|

maarakasavaadee vichaaradhaarak aadhaar ton aalochanaa karan vaalaa agalaa aalochak pro kishan singh hai jisadee aalochanaa mool roop vich sekhon aalochanaa de makaanakee ate sidharr davandavaadee nazaree de virodh vich hond ch aaundee hai| doven aalochak iko vichaaradhaarak drishattee ton aalochanaa karade han parantoo aapanee pahunch ate adhiain vich dohaan vich dter antar hai | pro kisn singh maarakasavaadee dhaaraa daa sutantar aalochak ban ke ubhariaa ate aje tak sedh parache duaaraa sadajuaan chintan noo janam de rihaa hai| pro sekhon naal usadaa virodh mudt ton hee turiaa aaundaa hai| hun deven vakh vakh pelaan te jaa ke khalote han, par zameen dohaan de hetth iko hai|⁵⁶

panjaabee aalochanaa vich pro kishan singh dee aalochanaa baare liaa giaa nottis at ganbheer naa hai ke eerakhaa ate satahee adhiain dee den hai | kujh aalochak taan us noo sahee ate sidhaantak roop vich prodt maarakasavaadee chintak saveekaar karade han| 57 ate kujh gairamaarakasee, burajavaa ate maarakasavaad virodhee vee garadaanade han |58 parantoo ih kishan singh aalochanaa ton sapastt ho jaandaa hai ki uh sant singh sekhon duaaraa sathaapat dhaaraa noo vikaas dindaa hai| maarakasavaadee panjaabee aalochanaa de khetar vich sant singh sekhon ton baad uh doosaraa vaddaa aalochak pravaan keetaa jaandaa hai|⁵⁹

pro kishan singh ne saahit, sabhiaachaar, dharam, raajaneetee, einakalaab, panjaabee sansakritee, darashan ate maarakasavaad sanbandhee charachaa chherr ke panjaabee aalochanaa vich ik

navaan paasaar liaandaa| us deean pusatakaan saahit dee samajh, saahit de some, yathaarathavaad, gurabaanee daa sach, sikh inakalaab daa modtee sikh lahir, aae inakalaab kuraahe kiaun. guradiaal singh dee naaval chetanaa aad pusatakaan vich usane maarakasee vichaaradhaaraa noo sathaapat karake saahit dee andaralee vath ate roop noo davandamee arathaan vich vichaaradhaarak aadhaar pradaan keetaa| saahit dee vasatoo, jajathaa, pooran shakhaseeat de vikaas daa roop hai. ih aapane aap vich vichaaradhaaraa naheen, par is daa aadhaar vichaaradhaarak hundaa hai|⁶⁰

saahit de vasatoo ate roop de davandaatamak sanbandhaan noo grahin karadiaan likhadaa hai, jis tarhaan saahit dee vasatoo daa padaarathak te samaajak taakataan hee matalath banaaundeean han, eis tarhaan hee saahitak roop vee samaajak paidaavar hai|⁶¹

pro. kishan singh aalochanaa daa pramakh jhukaa madhakaalee panjaabee saahit ate vises karake guramat saahit, soovee kaav, kisaa kaav aad rihaa hai| bhaaven samakaalee saahit baare vee usane vichaar pragattaae han parantoo ih nisachit roop vich madhakaalee virase te us saahit de muhaavare noo sathaapat karan hit hee aapanaa kaaraj karadaa rihaa hai| usadee is madhakaalee saahit dee aalochanaa baare ik aalochak daa vichaar hai ki, madhakaal de panjaabee saahit dee aalochanaa ate viaakhiaa karadiaan kishan singh dee panjaabee maarakasavaadee aalochanaa noo sabh ton vaddee den ih hai ki unhaan is yug naal sanbandhit dhaaramik lahiraan te unhaan de kaavik pragattaa noo us vich pesnirol aadarasvaadee dristteekon de aadhaar ute hee rad karan dee thaan. inhaan dhaaramak lahiraan de samaajak manakhee saar noo sahee maarakasavaadee dristtee ton samajhiaa ate pes keetaa hai| 62

pro. kishan singh alochanaa de nakaaraatamak pakh vee saahamane aaunde han| usadee vaddee kamazoree hai ki vihaarak aalochanaa karade samen uh kise nisachat vidhee daa anusaaree naheen misaal vajon usadee ih sidharr dhaaranaa ki vaaras saaeh ton magaron panjaabee vich aj tak chaittee daa kavee jamiaa hee naheen | is tarhaan dee ulaar biratee de kathan hor vee pusattee hit pes keete jaa sakade han| usadee aalochanaa daa nisachit dtaanchaa naa honaa te viaakhiaa de paasaaraan vich saahit rachanaavaan daa pindd jaanaa mukh kamajoree hai| ise karake atar singh usadee sankalapaa dee hairaanakun varaton noo manade hoe vee saahit paatthaan de ugharre dugharre ate asangatthit hon dee kamajoree manadaa hai| ise tarhaan nisachit vidhee de naal naal kise aalochanaatamak bhaasaa dee ghaatt, belorraa visathaar jaan duharaao aad vekhe jaa sakade han| parantoo vichaaradhaarak vikaas dee nazar ton uh sahije hee maarakasavaadee aalochanaa noo naven aadhaar dindaa hai| uh saahit de nitth ke keete adhiain noo samaajak prasang ate vichaaradhaarak paripekh naal jurradaa hai| us naal nishache hee panjaabee aalochanaa daa vichaaradhaarak vikaas ik visataar praapat karadaa hai| surajeet singh bhattee de sbadaan vich

sant singh sekhon duaaraa sathaapat maarakasavaadee panjaabee aalochanaa noo usane ik darajaa hor utaanh karadiaa. is de vikaas vich aapanaa yogadaan ditaa hai| ⁶⁵

pro. kishan singh aalochanaa sant singh sekhon naalon vises roop ch vichaaradhaarak vikaas taan hee praapat karadee hai kiaunk usadee aalochanaa suhajashaasataree vadhere hai ate uh rachanaa paan upar kendarit reh ke saahit chitar deean vibhin parataan noo ujaagar karadaa hai|

panjaabee aalochanaa de vikaas kram vich sant singh sekhon ton ate kishan singh ton baad ginanayog naana atar singh daa aaundaa hai | atar singh noo mudtale roop vich maarakasavaadee aalochanaa de pravaah vich ajihaa hasataakhar samajhiaa jisane panjaabee aalochanaa daa gheraa visataariaa ate sidhaantak roop pradaan keetaa | jasabeer singh aahaloovaaleea anusaar, pro. atar singh ne jisadaa naven aalochakaan vich vee vishes sathaan hai| ajehaa lorreendaa dristteekon maarakasavaad ton grahin karake pragateevaadee aalochanaa de sankalapaatamak ghere noo visatrit karake is noo isadee makainikee sankeeranataa ton bachaaeaa hai |⁶⁶

atar singh dee aalochanaa ne panjaabee aalochanaa de vichaaradhaarak vikaas vich ahim yogadaan paaeaa hai| us ne saahit de antareevee lachhanaan te aadhaarit sutantar had upar zor dindiaan us noo paranparaa de prasang vich rakh ke adhiain keetaa| us ne khulhe aam pachhamee aalochanaa vidheea de aaropan dee virodhataa karake saahit shaasatar noo use saahit paranparaa vichon khojan te bal ditaa hai, jis chon usade maanavavaadee paripekh ubhaare jaa sakan | samadarashan pusatak daa pahilaan nibandh sirajanaa te sameekhiaa ise dristtee ton saahit sidhaant pratee naveen chetanaa te vichaaradhaarak aadhaar naal sanbandhit hai| atar singh dee aalochanaa daa panjaabee aalochanaa ne ddoonghaa adhiain naheen keetaa. ise karake bahutaa adhiain kathanee savaivirodh samajh ke us dee andaralee prakritee noo samajhiaa hee naheen giaa | panjaabee aalochanaa vich usadee aalochanaa pratee de tarhaan de mauat paae jaande han| ik mauat naal sanbandhit uh vidavaan han jiharre ih manade han ki usane sekhon aalochanaa noo visataariaa ate pragateevaadee aalochanaa noo agaanh toriaa | inhaan vich paramindar singh, ⁶⁷ deevaan singh ⁶⁸ ate surajeet singh bhattee⁶⁹ daa naana ulekhayog hai| doosare mat de uh chintak han jiharre usanoo kalaakaaree sameekhiaa anusaranavaadee, khanddit biratee ate saahit baaharee aalochanaa kahinde han| is vich haribhajan singh, ⁷⁰ taralok singh kanvar,⁷¹sutindar singh noor, ⁷² haribhajan singh bhaatteea⁷³ aad de naana vishes varanan yog han|

mudtaleean de pusatakaan kaav adhiain ate drishatteekon vich atar singh maarakasee dristteekon ton saahit adhiain kaaraj noo vichaaradhaarak aadhaar pradaan karadaa hai| pahilee pusatak kaavaadhiain vich hee saahit dee vasatoo ate roop de davandaatamak naim baare maarakasee vichaaradhaarak dristtee ton charachaa karadaa hai|

saadde bahute kavee ise lee bhaaven vasatoo pakhon kitane vee yudh te sapashatt kiaun naa hon, je uh vasatoo daa anusaaree roop labh varat jaan gharr sakade jisadaa kaaran unhaan dee shakhaseeat anahond chon upajadaa hai taan uh lokaan de dilaan vich utar ke aapane sunehe

aunhaan de jazabiaan uhanaan deean sochaan, auhanaan deean reejhaan te supaniaan vich gholan ton asamarath rahinage|⁷⁴

eise tarhaan kise kavee de anubhav noo samajhan pratee uh baaharamukhee drisattee noo grahin karadaa hai ate saahit adhiain de taarakik drishatteekon dee gavaahee bharadaa hai, kise kavee de piaar anubhav noo samajhan daa bhaav hai usade samen samaaj vich isataree marad de parasapar sanbandhaan de samaajak, aarathak te bhaaeechaarak pichhokarraan noo samajhanaa|⁷⁶

eise tarhaan atar singh aalochanaa daa buniaadee aadhaar maarakasee vichaaradhaaraa hai jisanoo uh bhaaratee paranparaa te saahit naal jorr ke naven paasaar pradaan karadaa hai| uh aapanee teejee pusatak samadarashan vich sirajanaa te sameekhiaa pratee naven paasaaraan noo saahamane liaaundaa hai| usane saahit noo khudamukhataar hond manan te bal ditaa ate vigiaan, dharam, darashan bhaasaa sbad, samaaj, saahit dee prakritee, saahitak kalaa daa doosareean kalaavaan naalon antar pratee mehatavapooran te prabhaavashaalee visataar prasatut keetaa hai| saahit sanvedanaa vihaarak aalochanaa dee hor mulavaan pusatak, jis tak pahunchadiaan usadee aalochanaa saahit de andarale saar raaheen maanav de sankalap dee taalaash karadee hai| iaun usadaa manakh dee manakh vajon pachhaan daa buniaadee sankalap, maanavavaadee paripekh panjaabee aalochanaa vich nisache hee vichaaradhaarak vikaas daa soochak hai|

kujh aalochak atar singh dee aalochanaa vich ik savaivirodh vee dekhade han| is virodh de kaaran usadee aalochanaatamak biratee khanddit hon de prabhaav noo drishatteegochar karade han| ise naal us dee vichaaradhaarak khandditaa ik virodh utapan kar dindee hai| parantoo adhiain samen kee aalochakaan deea tathavihooneean ttipaneean hor bahut kujh dhundalaa kar dindeean han usadee nirapekh maanavavaadee dristtee kise vichaar jaa dhaaranaa noo mulankan dee padhar ute pooree tarhaan nikharan naheen dindee | ⁷⁶ jadon ki usadee maanavavaadee drishattee nirapekh naheen saapekhak hai asatitavavaadee chintakaan vaang nirapekh asatitav dee dhaaranee naheen sagon saapekhak asatitav dee dhaaranee hai| ih gal nischit roop vich kahee jaa sakadee hai ki usadee aalochanaa sant singh sekhon duaaraa sathaapat pranaalee noo sahije hee visataaradee ate naven aayaam dindee hai| panjaabee aalochanaa de vichaaradhaarak vikaas vich usadaa yogadaan ginanayog hai| ik aalochak de sbadaan vich, mukh roop vich duandavaadee padaarathavaadee vishav dristteekon noo aapanee aalochanaa daa aadhaar banaaundiaan atar singh ne sant singh sekhon duaaraa sathaapat maarakasavaadee aalochanaa pranaalee noo visatrit ate ddoongheraa karan vich aapanaa yogadaan paaundiaan is noo aadhunik sur pradaan keetee hai |⁷⁷ ise tarhaan satindar singh de shabadaan vich, ddaa atar singh ne panjaabee aalochanaa noo vikasat karan ate sidhaantak roop den dee samarathaa pragatt keetee| ⁷⁸

eis samen dauaraan paakisataanee panjaab vich vee panjaabee saahit adhiain pratee cheta nataa paidaa hoee hai| kujh raajaneetak kaaranaan karake bhaaratee panjaab ton paakisataanee panjaab de

aapasee sanchaar dee kamazoree kaaran ate kujh lipee dee samasiaa kaaran aseen ik dooje de saahit ate aalochanaa ton vanchit reh rahe haan | isade baavajood vee paakisataanee panjaab de aalochak najam husain sayad deean aalochanaatamak pusatakaan noo bhaaratee panjaab vich lipee antar keetaa giaa hai| is aalochak dee aalochanaa bhaaratee panjaabee aalochanaa naalon iko samen kee pakhaan ton vakharee sur vaalee hai, eih isadee ddoonghaaee kaaran hai| is pusatak sodhaa, saaraa te hor lekh vich ankit lekh parrhake ih gal pravaan karanee asanbhav ho gee ki panjaabee saahit sanbandhee itanee sugam, eitanee saarathak te itanee ddoonghee sameekhiaa bhaaratee panjaab vich kade naheen rachee gee| ⁷⁹

najam husain sayad dee aalochanaa dee nikharraveen pachhaan, saahitak rachanaa de paatth dee samachataa vich grahinasheelataa ate usadee bharapoor viaakhiaa te vislesnamee jugataan vich nihat hai| uh saahitak rachanaavaan daa paatth samaajakataa ate itihaasakataa ton vichhun ke naheen karadaa sagon paranparaa de prasang raaheen arath bharapoor banaaundaa hai| paranparaa ate rachanaa pratee usadaa vichaar hai, panjaabee shaaeiree dee vaddee reet naal aapanaa sanbandh dasiaa jaave pee meree kirat noo parakhan, parrhan te samajhan daa raah ese reet raaheen je, hor koee naheen| ⁸⁰

najam husain sayad saahit de saral arathaan dee bajaae usade lupat arathaan noo samaajak ate sabhiaachaarak prasang raaheen drishatteegochar karadaa hai| ise karake usadee aalochanaa kise pranaalee de sidhe saade makaanakee dtang naal prasarrat naheen hundee| pachham vich prachalat saahitak rachanaavaan de chinhaatamak vislesn noo chinhaan tak seemit naa karake us noo samaajak keemataa de vises ttakaraau raaheen hee kholhadaa hai| uh saahitak rachanaavaan deean andaraleean ramazaan noo samajhan te pragattaaun lee yatanaseel hai| uh heer te raanjhe pooran rasaaloo noo prateek roopaan ch ughaarr ke unhaan kisiaan vich pesh manakhee anubhav saar, sankatt samaajak kadaraan keemataan daa andaralaa virodh farradaa hai| sayad aalochanaa dee ik vilakhan praapatee kise saahit rachanaa de vishalesn vich rachanaa vich pes vakh vakh chinhaan shiganasa noo aapane adhiain daa aadhaar banaaun vich hai| uh rachanaa de paatth vichon paatar, ghattanaavaan, shabadaan ate sankalapaan noo vises chinhaan vajon grahin karadiaan, einhaan noo saaddee sansakritee, samaaj ate itihaas de sandarabh vich rakh ke viaakhiaaun daa yatan karadaa hai|⁸¹

najam husain sayad dee aalochanaa daa ik pakh saahitak kirataan de andar sidhaant khojan pratee vee hai| ajihaa adhiain panjaabee vich pahilee vaar utapan hoeaa| usadaa parakh baare meea muhamad bakhash daa vichaar eis drishattee ton mehatavapooran nibandh hai| is vich aalochak ik sirajanaatamak lekhak deean vivekaseel ukateean noo parakh lekh lee vislest karadaa hai| meean dee rachanaa vichale kaav sidhaant baare usadaa vichaar hai, lafaz te ramaj, hayaatee daa zaahar te thaatan, einj ik jusaa hoe pe han jiven gupatee

de iko vajood vich laatthee te talavaar jiven ful pataraan vich te chittiaaee akharaan dee kaalar vich te sooraj rukhaan ohale| ⁸²

najam husain sayad rachanaa dee kaavabanatar rahee usadee andaralee ramaz noo ughaarradaa hai te usade arathaan noo pachhaanadaa hai| usadee aalochanaa vivek, saahit, paranparaa, tarak, saahit sidhaant te samaajak prabandh de antaravirodhaan de ganbheer sangatthan noo samajhan val ruchit hai| ise karake uh rachanaavaan daa adhiain maarakasee drishatteekon ton karake unhaa de vichaaradhaarak tataan noo pachhaanadaa hai| vihaarak aalochanaa vich jithe uh heer raanjhe noo naabaree de prateekaan vajon ughaarradaa hai, authe choochak, kaiden, kherre, kaajee noo sanshik jamaat de prateekaan vajon samajhadaa hai| usadee adhiain drisattee pichhe asal vich maarakasavaadee vichaaradhaaraa kaarajaseel hai|

najam husain sayad maarakasavaadee vichaaradhaaraa noo ate rachanaa de adhiain lee vikasat pachhamee aalochanaa pranaaleean de nemaan noo laagoo karake saahit de ganbheer arathaan pratee ruchit hai| najam husain dee aalochanaa naal maarakasavaadee vichaaradhaarak paripekh jithe vigiaanak roop vich panjaabee aalochanaa noo tarak pooran banaaundaa hai, authe antararaashattaree padhar te vikasit vibhin pranaaleean de antar anusaasan raaheen uh saahitak kirataan daa sarabaangee adhiain karadaa hai| iho usadee praapatee hai jiharree panjaabee aalochanaa noo ganbheer roop vich saahit dee saahitakataa naal jorradee hai ate itihaasak anubhav saar noo baaharamukhee nazaree naal viakat karadee hai| sayad dee aalochanaa naal nische hee panjaabee aalochanaa te vises karake maarakasee aalochanaa vich gunaatamak vikaas hoeaa hai, sant singh sekhon duaaraa sathaapit maarakasavaadee aalochanaa daa agalaa gunaatamak vikaas, sanyad dee aalochanaa drishattee naal hee hoeaa hai|⁸³

panjaabee saahit vich 1960viaan de nerre terre ik khaas parivaratan sirajanaatamak ate aalochanaatamak khetar vich aaundaa hai, jisanoo prayogasheel jaan prayogavaad de naana naal jaaniaa jaandaa hai| panjaabee saahit vich ih pahilee suchet kaav lahir see, jisane bahut kujh navaan sathaapat karan daa ate puraanaa rad karan daa ailaan keetaa| ithe ik aalochak daa kathan varananayog hai, saahit aalochanaa de khetar vich 196070 de daramiaan aalochanaatamak ate sirajanaatamak saahit khetar vich pragateevaadee dhaaraa de virodh vich kujh aalochakaan ne pragateevaadee dhaaraa vichalee kattarrapanthee dhogmatticha pahunch de viradh saahit aalochanaa ate saahitasirajanaa de khetar vich aadhunikataa, lachakataa, bandhikataa, bahumakhataa ate viaapakataa liaaun de yatan praaranbh keete| ⁸⁴

prayogasheel kaav lahir noo sathaapat karan vaale kaveechintak sirajanaatamak parivaratan noo sameekhiaagat parivaratan de visvaas noo vee drirr karaaunde han| jasabeer singh aahaloovaaleea de sbadaan vich, sirajanaatamak kiriaa de subhaa vich aae mool parivaratan use tarhaan hee aalochanaa dee prachalat vidhee deean antareevee seemaavaan de virodhaan noo

nangaa karake beseedaa karaar dindaa hai| jiven utapaadan deean shakateean vich prachalat roorreegat vichaaraan noo puraane ate pratigraamee tthahiraa dindee hai |⁸⁵

einhaan aalochakaan ne aapane ton pooravalee aalochanaa noo pragateevaadee lahir de vigatthan naal jorriaa ate aaranbhee naveen aalochanaa noo sirajanaatamak ate aadhunikataa dee agavaaee karan vaalee darasaaeaa| panjaabee saahit de itihaas vich pragateevaadee lahir vich paidaa hoee vigatthan dee sathitee ne naa keval sirajanaatamar padhar ute sagon sameekhiaa de khetar vich vee sankatt noo paidaa keetaa | prayogasheel kavitaa de paidaa hon naal ik naveen kisam dee sirajanaatamak sameekhiaatamak kiriaa ne hond grahin keetee ate jisane panjaabee saahit de itihaas vich aadhunikataa dee agavaaee keetee|⁸⁶ is kaav lahir de sansathaapak is aalochanaa daa muhaandaraa sirajade hoe is noo pragateevaadee sameekhiaa de satahee te makaanakee subhaa daa davandaatamak nikhedh kahinde han|⁸⁷

prayogasheel naamee aalochanaa dhaaraa de mukh aalochak jasabeer singh aahaloovaaleea ate ravindar ravee han| inhaan daa bahutaan yatan pragateevaadee kaav daa jamood torran de naal naal sameekhiaatamak makainakeepan ate sankatt noo door karan daa hai| eis samachee lahir daa adhiain rauachik sitte saahamane liaaundaa hai| ih chintak viraarak ate sidhaantak roop vich maarakasavaadee muhaavare raaheen vigiaanak leehaan te usaaran dee bajaae aalochanaa noo samaajak sandarabh te usadee paranparaa ton alag karake, rachanaa noo samachataa dee bajaae, eikaaeea de adhiain de naanh vaachak virodh vich sathaapat karanaa shuroo kar dinde han| vichaaradhaarak dristtee ton prayogaseel sameekhiak niraadhaar, niramool gair vigiaanak ate maarakasavaad virodhee dhaaranaavaan noo sathaapat karade han| jis baare bharapoor adhiain karadiaan pavan sameer daa kathan hai, panjaabee aalochanaa is itihaasak parraa ute pahunch ke prasansaatamak sameekhiaa de jhaaule hetth kavitaa de paittaran vich aa rahe sandarabhaan de praanadhaaree samooh de muhaavare hetth baaharamukhee hon dee thaan antaramukhee honaa shuroo hundee hai |... prayogaseelaaadhunik sameekhiaa jiharree ki itihaasavaadee maarakasavaadee sameekhiaa pranaalee de prativaad vajon. badal vajon jaan is de akhauatee agalere vikaas vajon sathaapit keetee jaa rahee see, jisanooddaa jasabeer singh aahaloovaaleea duandaatamak nikhedh daa naan dindaa hai| mool roop vich sekhonvaadee sameekhiaa dee paranparaa ton vee vichalit ho rahee see kiaunk prayogasheel sameekhiak kol maarakasavaadee sameekhiaa de muhaavare daa navaan uchhaarr taan see par us vichalee vasatoo burajooaa see| ⁸⁸

panjaabee aalochanaa de vichaaradhaarak vikaas vich ih aalochanaa pranaalee ne sameekhiaa vich makaanakeepan torriaa hai | parantoo is ne burajooaa vichaaradhaaraa noo maarakasavaadee shabadaavalee raaheen sathaapat karan daa prayatan keetaa hai| ih pachhamee burajooaa saahitak rucheean daa sikaar, saahit noo usade paranparaa pravaah ton torranaa, rachanaa dee prasang rahit aalochanaa, kavitaa de nikatt adhiain de naan hetth usanoo samachataa ton vichhunanaa, baaharamukhataa

dee bajaae antar mukhataa daa shikaar ho gee jis naal panjaabee aalochanaa vich beejaroopee burajooaa vichaaradhaaraa suchet roop ch paidaa ho gee| is vichaaradhaarak chetanaa naal, jo maarakasee aalochanaa see usadaa virodh ise muhaavare raaheen hoeaa te fir sataraviaan de nerre jaa ke panjaabee aalochanaa khetar vich kee naveean pranaaleean daa parichay vee hoeaa te aalochanaa de vichaaradhaarak aadhaar barree tezee naal badale| ih 1970 de nerre terre pachhamee aalochanaa pranaaleean raaheen saahamane aaune shuroo hoe| is khetar vich roopavaad, sanrachanaavaad, sisattam sidhaant, theem vigiaan virachanaavaad ate chinh vigiaan aad sankalapavidheean saahamane aaeean| mukh roop vich pachhamee aalochanaa pranaaleean raaheen panjaabee saahit daa adhiain kaaraj haribhajan singh raaheen shuroo hundaa hai| bhaaven sanrachanaavaad, bhaashaa vigiaanak maaddalaan ate chinh vigiaan daa tuaaraf harajeet singh gil ne karavaaeaa parantoo is noo sidhaantak ate vihaarak roop ch haribhajan singh dee kaarajasheelataa hee sathaapat karadee hai| jo haualee haualee sameekhiaa daa dilee sakool raaheen paasaar praapat karadee hai | is vich taralok singh kanvar, sutindar singh noor, jagabeer singh, satindar singh, amareek singh punee, guracharan singh, manajeet kauar, haracharan kauar, devindar kauar, mahindar kauar gil aadik aalochak samen samen shaamal hunde ge| inhaan aalochakaan raaheen panjaabee vich chalee aalochanaa khaas karake pragateevaadee aalochanaa, daa virodh karake saahit daa kaav shaasatar ate saahit daa vigiaan usaaran daa yatan karadee hai| is aalochanaa deean mool sathaapanaavaan pragateevaadee aalochanaa de virodh vich hee vichaaradhaarak hond grahin karadeean han| ih aalochanaa aapane aap noo pahilee vaar saahitakataa upar kendarit samajhadee hai te sdh saahitakataa daa sankalap nirapekh roop ch ughaarradee hai| haribhajan singh ne pahilee ver asal arathaan vich aalochanaa de sidhaantak masaliaan noo chhoohiaa| usane kirat noo ikaaee man ke usade angaan pratiangaan daa ddoonghaa adhiain karake usade sarabaarath noo grahin karavaaeaa| aatamajeet singh de shabadaan vich, ddaa. harabhajan singh ne aapaneean sameekhiaa pusatakaan raaheen ik ajehee pirat paaee hai, jis naal nikherraa biratee de aadhaar ute saahit ate saahit sameekhiaa de sansakaaraan dee pramaanik pachhaan keetee jaa rahee hai | ⁹⁰

eih aalochan pragateevaadee panjaabee aalochanaa noo samaaj shaasataree, saahit baaharee, jeevaneemoolak ate bahirang vidhee keh ke ate is de virodh vich aalochanaa dee antarang vidhee noo sathaapat karan dee mudtalee koshis de sanbandhee. ih chintak jagabeer singh, ⁹¹ manajeet singh, ⁹² sutindar singh noor,⁹³ haribhajan singh bhaatteea⁹⁴ aad ne aapaneean visaleshanamee dhaaranaavaan prasatut keeteean han|

einhaan aalochakaan ne pachham vich prachalat sameekhiaa pranaaleean de aadhaarit hee panjaabee sameekhiaa noo vigiaanak chintan, saahit shaasatar te saahit vigiaan val morran daa daavaa keetaa hai| ih aalochanaa saahitak rachanaa noo suhajaatamak ikaaee

maanavee mulaa ton vihoonee man ke usadee aantarik sanrachanaa de prem labhan de yatan ch hai jo aapane samaaj, raajaneetee, lekhak vichaaradhaaraa aad ton sutantar hai| ih sabh saahit baahare verave han| unhaan daa buniaadee suaal bhaashaa hai| jis aadhaarit uh sathaapat karade han ki bhaasaa vasatoogat adhiain ton parhaan hai | is tarhaan saahit noo bhaasaa ton paar jaan paaragaamee subhaa vaalee rachanaa maniaa jaandaa hai|

eis sanrachanaavaadee ate roopavaadee vidhee daa saahit baaharee, nisarevaadee ate mulavaadee vidhee naal buniaadee te ddattavaan virodh hai kiaunk ih vidhee saahit dee shudh saahitakataa te usadee nirapekh sutantarataa noo sanrachanaatamak premaan de aadhaar te pachhaanadee hai | is dee pramakh visestaa nikherraa biratee hai jisanoo haribhajan singh arath nikherriaan dee vidiaa ⁹⁵ kahindaa hai|

eis aalochanaa pranaalee dee sathaapanaa sanrachanaavaadee pranaalee de roop vich hundee hai| is de naal hee roopavaadee, sisattamee, chinh vigiaanak aalochanaa dee praviratee vee shuroo hundee hai| parantoo mukh roop vich sathaapatee sanrachanaavaadee pranaalee dee hundee hai| sanrachanaavaadee pranaalee vich roopavaad, chinh vigiaan theem vigiaan, bhaashaa vigiaan maaddal sanyukat roop vich samaae hoe vee han| is aalochanaa vidhee naal pragateevaadee panjaabee aalochanaa daa sanbaad nirantar tikhe roop vich rihaa hai jis karake vichaaradhaarak dristtee ton is aalochanaa vidhee noo burajooaa vichaaradhaaraa de pravakataa vajon paribhaast keetaa giaa hai. roopavaadee sanrachanaavaadee pranaalee te aadhaarit is aalochanaa daa vigiaan sdh roopavaadee chauakhatte vich sankalapit hai ate iven hee bhaasaa te sanrachanaa sanbandhee inhaan daa mauat vee| is aalochanaa praviratee daa vichaaradhaarak paripekh vikasit burajooaa baaharamukhee vichaaravaadee auabajechattive eedealisatticha |⁹⁶

eik hor aalochak de shabadaan vich saahit saasatar de ih daavedaar saahit noo samaaj, raajaneetee, sansakritee vich vichaaradhaaraa ate doosare paripekh naalon nikherr ke keval saahit kirat vajon grahin karadiaan aapanee paittee burajooaa vichaaradhaaraa daa pragattaavaa vigiaanak shabadaavalee de parade hetth karade han| ⁹⁷

panjaabee aalochanaa de vikaas path te jithe burajooaa vichaaradhaaraa dee paranparaa daa suchet dauar aaranbh hundaa hai uthe is de samaanaantar pragateevaadee aalochanaa vee aapane nava paripekh duaaraa aapanee pooravalee pragateevaadee aalochanaa naalon nisache hee vichaaradhaarak vikaas karadee hai| kujh aalochak sant singh sekhon duaaraa sathaapat pragateevaadee aalochanaa noo vishavapadhar te naveean aalochanaa pranaaleean ton dristtee grahin karake maarakasavaadee aalochanaa noo baaharamukhee ate vigiaanak chintan dee dhaaranee banaaunde han| inhaan vich savaragavaasee ravindar singh ravee, jogindar singh raahee, tejavant singh gil, ttee aar vinod ate kesar singh kesar de naam vishes han| inhaan ton binhaan ajoke dauar vich raghabeer singh sirajanaa, jasavindar singh, surajeet singh bhattee aad aalochakaan de naa vee

le jaa sakade han|

panjaabee aalochanaa nauaven dahaake vich ik khaas vichaaradhaaraaee paripekh grahin karan daa uparaalaa karadee hai, jisadaa aadhaar maarakasavaadee vishavadristteekon hai| panjaabee aalochanaa de sanrachanaavaadee pranaalee de aalochak is paripekh noo chintan padhar upar apanaaun de yatan vich han bhaaven vidhee sanrachanaavaadee te chinhavigiaanak honee chaaheedee hai, dee soochanaa vee dinde han | sutindar singh noor ne is vichaaradhaarak morr noo maniaa hai te pooravalee roopavaadee ate paranparak sanrachanaavaadee vidhee noo rad keetaa hai, pahile dor dee maarakasavaadee aalochanaa de piven jis roopavaadee aalochanaa daa udai hoeaa see. uh dauar vee khatam ho chukiaa hai| vishav padhar te aalochanaaparanparak maarakasavaad sanrachanaavaad ton agere chihan vigiaan ate us ton paar de charachaa te vidheean val vikasat hoee te panjaabee vich vee is vikaas noo pahilaan naalon vadhere samarathaa naal ghokhiaa giaa| naveen aalochanaa ise lee har prakaar de roopavaad noo rad karadee hai| ⁹⁸

panjaabee aalochanaa de hun tak de parrhaavaan te areere vichaaradhaarak chetanaa de paripekh vich rachanaa daa adhiain nisache aalochanaa de vichaaradhaarak vikaas daa soochak hai| ih vikaas suchet roop vich jamaatee paintarraa akhatiaar karadaa hai ate aapanaa suhaj shaasatar vigiaanak ate tarak pooran dtang naal sirajanaa chaahunde han| samache tauar te suchet roop vich vichaaradhaarak vikaas noo sutindar singh noor iaun viakat karadaa hai, aalochanaa de khetar vich uh samaan beet chukaa hai jadon nishachevaadee dristtee naal rachanaa daa mulankan keetaa jaandaa see | pranparak maarakasavaadee aalochanaa daa samaan vee vihaa chukaa hai | sanrachanaavaadee aalochanaa vee aapaneean seemaavaan pragatt kar chukee hai | nava aalochanaa ttaikasatt ch vichaaradhaarak chetanaa te vidhee vidhaan noo barre sanjam te sapasatt roop vich parrhan daa yatan karadee hai| iaun panjaabee aalochanaa vee barree tezee naal ik yaataraa taia kar aaee hai| ⁹⁹

ajokee panjaabee aalochanaa vich saral arathee saar ton usade asal vasatoo saar de gahin arathaan noo khaas vichaaradhaaraaee paripekh ton, eik tinh prabandh vajon dekhan de yatan praaranbh hoe han| saahitak rachanaa dee hond vidhee, ausadaa jattil banatar sansaar, ausadee andaralee vasatoo ate vichaaradhaarak roop vich aj saahit noo usade samaajee mehatav vajon saveekaariaa jaan lagaa hai| ik saahit aalochak de shabadaan vich. aj saahit de adhiain lee sidhaantak padhar upar jinhaan nukatiaan upar bal ditaa jaa rihaa hai uh ih han ki saahit rachanaarachanaavaan noo ik jattil prabandh jaan chinh prabandh vajon grahin keetaa jaave, aunhaan de saral arath noo asalee vasatoo de pragattaave daa keval ik muhaavaraa saveekaar keetaa jaave ate is muhaavare noo chinh prabandh raaheen pragatt ho rihaa asalee arath prabandh arathaat samaajak manakhee vasatoo khojiaa jaave| ¹⁰⁰

auparokat panjaabee aalochanaa daa vichaaradhaarak vikaas path is dhaaranaa noo

nisachat karadaa hai ki panjaabee aalochanaa hun tak kee parraa taia kar chukee hai| uh parraa aapane vishes vichaaradhaarak dauaraan naal antarasanbandhit han jinhaan noo kise vee tarhaan itihaasak vikaas ton alag karake naheen dekhiaa jaa sakadaa| ajokee aalochanaa satahee pratikaramaan jaan maanasik unaaraan de samaanaantar aapane aap noo vises vichaaradhaarak roop vich sathaapat karadee hai| panjaabee aalochanaa vich pachhamee aalochanaa pranaaleean noo andhaadhund apanaaun vaalaa dauar khatam ho ke vises roop vich aalochanaa noo visesee krit giaan khetar banaaun val pravaahit hai rihaa hai, jis vich vichaaradhaarak tauar te vigiaanak drishattee noo apanaaun vich visvaas darasaaeaa jaa rihaa hai| ise lee sanrachanaavaad koee vichaaradhaaraa jaan sahee arathaan vich vaad naheen | keval ik vidhee hai, jis raaheen panjaabee de guramat kaav, soofee kaav, kisiaan, kalor te hor aadhunik saahit roopaan daa saahitak adhiain bahut bareekee vich jaa ke keetaa jaa sakadaa hai| ise lee meraa yakeen vichaaradhaaraa de tauar te maarakasavaad te vishalesnaatamak vidhee lee sanrachanaatamak jugataan noo apanaaun vich ¹⁰¹

eise tarhaan niman likhat kathan vee panjaabee aalochanaa de vichaaradhaarak vikaas vich aa rihaa parivaratan darasaa rihaa hai|

panjaabee lok chetanaa te sabhiaachaar de anukool sameekhiaa maaddal dee usaaree ee maarakasavaadee chintakaan valon saahit de vajood te masaliaan noo samajhan lee varateean geean antaradrishatteean inhaan de chintan dee aadhaar bhoomee banadeean dikhaaee dindeean han| binaan kise sandeh de kihaa jaa sakadaa hai ki saahit kirat noo ik band sansaar vajon grahin karan, saahit rachanaa dee hond vidhee noo sutantar rakhan ate is noo vichaaradhaaraa de masale ton laanbhe rakh ke siraf saahit dee bhaashaa jugataan te usadee nijagat vilakhanataa dee pachhaan de dauar vichon aseen age nikal aae haan| kise vee prakaar de pachhamee chintan noo siraf ik faisn vajon grahin karan dee bajaae usadee asaleeat aapane sabhiaachaar anusaar saarathakataa ate vichaaradhaarak pramaanakataa dee gal vee ise dauar vich nitth ke tooree hai|¹⁰²

havaale ate ttipaneean

1. praveshikaa saahit adhiain pranaaleean, panaa 7.
2. manajeet singh, panjaabee sameekhiaa sansakaar, panaa 12.
3. parakh parrachol, panaa 1.
4. aadhunik panjaabee saahit daa aalochanaatamik itihaas, panaa 213.
5. praveshikaa panjaabee aalochanaa de saroop, panaa 12.
6. ravindar singh ravee, virasaa te varatamaan panaa 148.
7. auhee amareekaa dee naveen aalochanaapranaalee, panaa 32.
8. maarakasavaadee panjaabee aalochanaa, panaa 39.
9. kanvalajeet dtilon, panjaabee aalochanaa ate vichaaradhaaraa, panaa 2526
10. ravindar singh ravee, ravee chetanaa, panaa 190.
11. auhee,panaa 191
12. kanvalajeet dtilon, panjaabee aalochanaa ate vichaaradhaaraa, panaa 23.
13. panjaabee vich aalochanaa daa vikaas, drishattee janavaree, 1977.
14. . panjaabee aalochanaa sidhaant te vihaar, panaa 41.
15. maarakasavaadee panjaabee aalochanaa, panaa 42.
16. ajokee panjaabee aalochanaa, sathitee te pragatee, panaa 28.
17. aadhunik panjaabee kaav roop adhiain panaa 42.
18. eenaddaluenache odd ttehe aanesatt on funjab litteratture, panaa 191
19. panjaabee sameekhiaa sansakaar, panaa 12.
20. panjaabee aalochanaa, panaa 14.
21. haribhajan singh bhaatteea, panjaabee aalochanaa sidhaant te vihaar, panaa 41. 22.
22. ajokee panjaabee aalochanaa, sathitee te pragatee, panaa 28.
23. jasavindar singh, panjaabee aalochanaa de vichaaradhaarak paripekh, panjaabee saahit daa vichaaradhaarak paripekh guracharan singh arashee panaa 189.
24. prem kahaanee panaa 4.
25. 1950 ton baad daa saahit sidhaant, panjaabee duneea, maarachaaprail, 1974, panaa 53.
26. baavaa budh singh, prem kahaanee, panaa 40.
27. ravindar singh ravee, amareekaa dee naveen aalochanaa pranaalee panaa 2324,
28. auhee, panaa 119.
29. surajeet singh bhattee, maarakasavaadee panjaabee aalochanaa, panaa 43.
30. panjaabee kiven likhee, panaa 103.
31. haribhajan singh bhaatteea, panjaabee aalochanaa sidhaant te vihaar, panaa 46.

32. tthehe inaddaluenache odd ttehe aanesatt on funjab litteratture, panaa 46.

33. satindar singh, aadhunik panjaabee kaav roop adhiain, panaa 42.

34. mahindar singh randhaavaa s.. pooran singh dee vaaratak, panaa 28.

35. auhee, panaa 13.

36. auhee, panaa 15.

37. ravindar singh ravee, ravee chetanaa, panaa 19293

38. surajeet singh bhattee, maarakasavaadee panjaabee aalochanaa, panaa 42.

39. mohan singh deevaanaa, aadhunik panjaabee kavitaa, panaa 53.

40. haribhajan singh bhaatteea, panjaabee aalochanaa sidhaant te vihaar, panaa 52.

41. auhee, panaa 5253.

42. satindar singh aadhunik panjaabee kaav roop adhiain, panaa 43.

43. romaachik panjaabee kavee, panaa 9.

44. amareek singh punee, pooran singh kaavaadhiain, panaa 24.

45 ravindar singh ravee, amareekaa dee naveen aalochanaa pranaalee panaa 24.

46 panjaabee aalochanaa ik parichay, panaa 24.

47. bhoomikaa, panjaabee sameekhiaa panaa 7.

48. maarakasavaadee panjaabee aalochanaa, panaa 43.

49. sant singh sekhon, chintan te kalaa, panaa 87.

50. jasavindar singh, panjaabee aalochanaa de vichaaradhaarak paripekh panjaabee saahit daa vichaaradhaarak paripekh, panaa 190.

51. ravindar singh ravee, amareekaa dee naveen aalochanaa pranaalee, panaa 24.

52. surajeet singh bhattee, maarakasavaadee panjaabee aalochanaa, panaa 44.

53. haribhajan singh bhaatteea, panjaabee aalochanaa daa vichaaradhaarak paripekh, panjaabee saahit daa vichaaradhaarak paripekh guracharan singh arasee, panaa 203.

54. sameekhiaa pranaaleean, panaa 85. 55 panjaabee kaav siromanee, panaa 18.

56. deevaan singh kulabeer singh kaag, samakaalee panjaabee aalochanaa panaa 8.

57. harajeet gil, sedh, joon1974. , panaa 14.

58. guracharan singh sahinsaraa, eitihaasakapadaarathavaadee aalochanaa, panaa 16869

59. surajeet singh bhattee, marakasavaadee panjaabee aalochanaa, panaa 162.

60. pro. kishan singh,saahit de some, panaa 52.

61. auhee, panaa 70.

62 surajeet singh bhattee, maarakasavaadee panjaabee aalochanaa, panaa 160.

63. sedh 1972 agasat, panaa 2.

64. sant singh sekhon chintan te kalaa, panaa 106.

65. maarakasavaadee panjaabee aalochanaa, panaa 162.

66. panjaabee aalochanaa ik parichay panaa 5.

67. panjaabee aalochanaa saahit te baabaa budh singh panaa 4.

68. soofeevaad te hor lekh panaa 110.

69 surajeet singh bhattee, chintanachetanaa, panaa 134,

70. sisattamee, panaa 6.

71. naveen panjaabee aalochanaa, panaa 8.

72. badalade paripekh panaa 117.

73. panjaabee aalochanaa sidhaant te vihaar, panaa 150.

74. kaav adhiain, panaa 24.

75. auhee,panaa 19192.

76. baladev singh dhaaleevaal, bhaaee veer singh kaav drisattee panaa 16.

77. surajeet singh bhattee, chintan chetanaa, panaa 132.

78. aadhunik panjaabee kaav roop adhiain, panaa 44.

79. atar singh, sodhaa, saaraan te hor lekh, jilad te chhape shabadaan chon|

80. sedhaa saaraa te hor lekh, panaa 66.

81. surajeet singh bhattee, maarakasavaadee panjaabee aalochanaa, panaa 108.

82. sedhaan, saaraan te hor lekh panaa 64. 83. surajeet singh bhattee, maarakasavaadee panjaabee aalochanaa panaa 199. 84. auhee, chintana chetanaa, panaa 137.

85. funjab litteratture in ferasapechattive, panaa 41.

86. eebid, panaa 41.

87. eebid, panaa 42. 88. panjaabee kavitaa daa kaavashaasatar, panaa 141.

89. aadhunik panjaabee kaav roop adhiain panaa 44.

90. saahitakee, panaa 8.

91. suhaj sirajee ddaa. haribhajan singh, sanpaa. mahindar kauar gil,, panaa 10304.

92. drishattee bindoo, panaa 107.

93. naveen panjaabee aalochanaa, panaa 910.

94. panjaabee aalochanaa sidhaant te vihaar, panaa 22829.

95. saahit vigiaan panaa 119.

96. jasavindar singh, panjaabee aalochanaa de vichaaradhaarak paripekh, panjaabee saahit daa vichaaradhaarak paripekh, panaa 195.

97. surajeet singh bhattee, aadhunik panjaabee aalochanaa vichaaradhaaraaee paripekh, panjaabee aalochanaa vichaaradhaarak paripekh, panaa 227.

98. saahit sidhaant te vihaar, panaa 7.

99. aadhunik panjaabee kaav sidhaatak paripekh, panaa 78.

100.haribhajan singh bhaatteea, samakaalee panjaabee saahit sameekhiaa deean seemaavaan, aadhunik panjaabee saahit punar vichaar s. haracharan kauara, panaa 134.