s. m, Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum, Nat. Ord. Solanaceæ.) The habit of smoking is universal in the East, but tobacco is not indigenous in Asia. It was introduced from England in the reign of the Emperor Akbar into India. The Sikhs are the only race whose religion prohibits tobacco. It was strongly prohibited by Guru Govind Singh. Amongst Moslems the plant is not harám but makrúh, and the practice of smoking is "biddat" an act indifferent, one of those which have come into vogue after the death of Muhammad and are neither enjoined nor prohibited. Jahangir in the 14th year of his reign forbade smoking, persons who contravened the decree had their lips cut and several smokers in Lahore were paraded with blackened faces on donkeys, seated fronting the tail. Tobacco now has the widest range of cultivation of almost any economic plant and its use is universal. The species are N. tabacum, N. lattisima, N. fructicosa, N. Chinensis the source of the large Havannah cigars, N. rustica, the source of "Latakia" (Laodicea) Salonica (These alonica) and Turkey tobacco, N. Persica, Shiraz tobacco, N. repanda. is the source of small Havannahs, N. quartivalves, N. multivalvis, N. nana are other species. N. tabacum is cultivated in the Dekkhan, N. rustica, inthe north. The kinds of tobacco known in commerce are:—1. Kakkar, of which Kandhari, Lahori, Shikarpuri, Chilasi, Kalkatti are varieties, as well as those grown at other places in the Panjab. 2. Baghdádí, the seeds are much sought after because of the heavy yield; is not imported from Baghdad. 3. Nokí, with its two varieties of Nokí and desí Panjabi. 4. Sámblí, in which the leaves only are used, the stalks being rejected. 5. Zardá, which is of best quality. 6. Púrbí which is chewed with pán supárí. 7. Baiṇgaṉí which has leaves shaped like the brinjal (Solunum melougena). 8. Súratí from Surat and Bombay, this is strong and bitter like kakkar. These varieties of tobacco are easily distinguished by their appearance. From the smoker's standpoint, every tobacco is phikká or halká (weak or mild) and kauṛa, (superior, strong, pungent). Buyers test it by putting a bit on the tongue and seeing whether it produces any irritation. Pure tobacco is called sádá, it is usually mixed with sajji, molasses, and gul (cinders from the chilm) by the common dealers. When twisted up like a rope tobacco is called gaḍḍí, when the leaves are merely dried and pressed it is "kabbar"; this is generally the strongest. Khamírá is tobacco smoked by the rich. The leaf is compounded with preserved apple. Confection of roses panri (dried pán leaves), mushkbalá (a scented wood), sandal wood, cardamoms, kheera, the essence of the flowers of Pandanus odoratissimus, kokanber, the interior of the seed pods of Cathartocarpus fistula; a cheaper kind made with sandal wood, kokanber, gugal (Amyris agallocha.) A maund of tobacco is 52seers, it is also sold by the "ukká," i. e., so much for a certain superficies of the growing crop. Snuff is made from the nokí tabacco. The medicinal uses are the same as in the West. The cultivation requires good soil, heavy manure, much watering and great care:—Kashmírí tamákú s. m. See Simruṇg:—baṉ tamákú, s. m. See Phasrúk:—giddaṛ tamákú, s. m. A plant (Heliotropium, Europæum, Nat. Ord. Boragineæ) not uncommon throughout the Panjab plains. A yellow flowered variety grows in parts of the Peshawar valley. The plant bruised is emetic, and is also given after snake-bite; also the same as Simruṇg, which see.